Table 2 Systematic reviews

Alvarez-Jiminez, Hetrick, Gonzalez-Blanch, Gleeson and McGorry,[15]

Non-pharmacological management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Individual and group interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy and nutritional counseling were more effective than treatment as usual.

Bradshaw, Lovell and Harris,[16]

Healthy living interventions and schizophrenia: a systematic review

Inconclusive based on poor quality of studies reviewed.

Cabassa, Ezell and Lewis-Fernandez,[67]

Lifestyle interventions for adults with serious mental illness: a systematic literature review

Behavioral interventions generally showed improvement in metabolic syndrome risk factors

Caemmerer, Correll and Maayan,[68]

Acute and maintenance effects of non-pharmacological interventions for antipsychotic induced weight gain and metabolic abnormalities: a meta-analytic comparison of randomized controlled trials

Behavioral interventions effectively prevented and reduced weight gain in outpatients agreeing to participate in trials. Nutritional and cognitive behavioral interventions were effective.

Cimo,Stergiopoulis, Cheng, Bonato and Dewa,[69]

Effective lifestyle interventions to improve type 2 diabetes self-management

Diabetes education is effective when it includes diet and exercise and design should address cognition, motivation and weight gain

Faulkner, Soundy and Lloyd,[17]

Schizophrenia and weight management: a systematic review of interventions to control weight

All behavioral interventions produced small reductions in, or maintenance of, weight.

Gabriele, Dubert and Reeves,[18]

Efficacy of behavioural interventions in managing atypical antipsychotic weight gain

When behavioral interventions were initiated at the start of atypical antipsychotic (AAP) treatment, amount of weight gain was decreased. When initiated after the start of AAP treatment, weight loss was achieved. Insulin regulation and A1c (metabolic syndrome risk factors) were also improved.

Megna, Schwartz, Siddiqui and Rojas,[19]

Obesity in adults with serious and persistent mental illness: a review of postulated mechanisms and current interventions

Non-pharmacological interventions are promising, but only show low to medium effect size.

Papanastasiou,[20]

Interventions for the metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: a review

Behavioral interventions showed benefit, but study design (non-RCT) did not prove one intervention superior to another.

Roberts and Bailey,[21]

Incentives and barriers to lifestyle interventions for people with severe mental illness: a narrative synthesis of quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies

No studies identified that specifically focus on incentives and barriers

Tosh. Clifton, Mala and Bachner,[70]

Physical health care monitoring for people with serious mental illness

No studies identified that specifically focus on incentives and barriers.

Tosh, Clifton and Bachner,[22]

General physical health advice for people with serious mental illness

Health advice could lead to greater access of services but ineffective advice may be a waste of resources.

Werneke, Taylor, Sanders and Wessely,[23]

Behavioral management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review

No RCTs identified, but interventions appear to be effective.

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