Outcomea | Follow up | Event rates BI versus info | Effect estimate (95% CI) | Studies (people) | Quality of evidence | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRIMARY OUTCOMES | ||||||
Substance use | ||||||
Abstinence - All substances | 3Â mo | Range 14 to 18% versus 9 to 13% | RR 1.12 (0.41 to 3.09) | 2 (223) | Very low | Two studies not statistically significant. |
RR 2.08c | ||||||
Cannabis (Self-reportb, past 30 d, [34]). | See Comments | |||||
Sedatives/hypnotics/opioidsd (NR, period not provided, [37]) | ||||||
Abstinence - Cocaine/heroin | 6Â mo | 17% versus 13%f | Adj RR 1.41 (0.98 to 1.95)gh | 1 (778) | Low | Â |
Objectivee, past 30d [17] | ||||||
Abstinence - All substances | 12Â mo | Range 25 to 45% versus 20 to 22% | RR 2.05 (1.13 to 3.70) | 2 (228) | Very low | Mixed results between studies. |
Adj RR 1.30cgi | ||||||
Cannabis (Self-reportb, past 30d, [34]) | ||||||
See Comments | ||||||
Sedatives/hypnotics/opioidsd (NR, assessment period NR, [37]) | ||||||
High on cannabis | 3Â mo | 36/42 (86%) versus 46/55 (84%)f | Adj RR 1.05 (0.82 to 1.15)gj | 1 (102) | Low | Â |
Self-reportb, past 30d [34] | ||||||
12Â mo | 25/47 (53%) versus 41/55 (75%)f | Adj RR 0.72 (0.45 to 0.97)gj | 1 (102) | Very low | Â | |
Reducing use >25% - Sedatives/hypnotics/opioids d | 3Â mo | 29/56 (52%) versus 21/70 (30%) | RR 1.73c | 1 (126) | Very low | Results favor BI over control. |
NR, period of assessment not provided [37] | 12Â mo | 28/56 (50%) versus 34/70 (49%)f | Adj RR 0.96cgi | 1 (126) | Very low | Results NS |
Frequency of use | ||||||
Change in cannabis consumption. Mean change from baselinek, self-reportb, past 30 d [34] | 3 mo | -5 versus -0.8 d (fewer d at 3 mo) | MD -4.2 (-8.1 to -0.3) | 1 (95) | Low | (−) value for MD indicates fewer d consumption with BI |
12Â mo | -7.1 versus -1.8 d (fewer d at 12 mo) | MD -5.3 (-0.6 to 10) | 1 (102) | Low | ||
Quantity of use | ||||||
Defined daily dosage - Sedatives/hypnotics/opioids d | 3Â mo | 0.42 versus 0.12 (dosage higher at 3 mo) | MD 0.30c | 1 (126) | Very low | Results NS |
Mean change from baselinek, NR | ||||||
Patient’s dose of a given prescription drug per day (in mg) divided by the product-specific WHO measure [37] | 12 mo | Not provided | See Comment | 1 (126) | Very low | Authors state no significant difference between groups, P = 0.330 |
Change in drug level - Cocaine | 6 mo | -180 versus -21 ng/ 10 mg (less at 6 mo) | See Comment | 1 (376) | Low | Authors state adjusted P = 0.058, likely representing multiple adjusted analysesm |
Change in mean from baselinel, objectivee[17] | ||||||
Change in drug level - Opioids | 6 mo | -7.6 versus -7.8 ng/ 10 mg (less at 6 mo) | See Comment | 1 (189) | Low | Authors state adjusted P = 0.186, likely representing multiple adjusted analysesm |
Change in mean from baselinel, objectivee[17] | ||||||
Use-related harms or negative consequences of use | ||||||
Carried a weapon (gun, knife, club) | 3Â mo | 5/42 (12%) versus 17/55 (31%)f | Adj RR 0.44 (0.15 to 1.09)gn | 1 (97) | Very Low | Â |
Self-report, past 30 d [34] | ||||||
12Â mo | 5/47 (11%) versus 11/55 (20%)f | Adj RR 0.62 (0.20 to 1.60)gn | 1 (102) | Very Low | Â | |
Drove a car after using cannabis. Self-report, past 30 d [34] | 3Â mo | 6/42 (14%) versus 10/55 (18%)f | Adj RR 0.85 (0.28 to 2.08)gn | 1 (97) | Very Low | Â |
12Â mo | 8/47 (17%) versus 13/55 (24%)f | Adj RR 0.67 (0.26 to 1.48)gn | 1 (102) | Very Low | Â | |
Rode in a car with a person drunk/high after cannabis use. Self-report, past 30 d [34] | 3Â mo | 11/42 (26%) versus 13/55 (24%)f | Adj RR 1.01 (0.46 to 1.88)gn | 1 (97) | Very Low | Â |
12Â mo | 10/47 (21%) versus 13/55 (24%) | Adj RR 0.85 (0.37 to 1.67)gn | 1 (102) | Very Low | Â | |
Physical fight. Self-report, past 30 d [34] | 3Â mo | 9/42 (21%) versus 14/55 (25%)f | Adj RR 0.91 (0.39 to 1.76)gn | 1 (97) | Very Low | Â |
12Â mo | 6/47 (13%) versus 19/55 (35%)f | Adj RR 0.35 (0.12 to 0.87)gn | 1 (102) | Low | Â | |
Positive behavior change | ||||||
Tried to cut back on cannabis use. Self-report, past 3 and 12 mo [34] | 3Â mo | 29/42 (69%) versus 28/55 (51%)f | Adj RR 1.36 (0.96 to 1.64)gn | 1 (97) | Low | Â |
12Â mo | 34/47 (72%) versus 33/55 (60%)f | Adj RR 0.96 (0.91 to 1.45)gn | 1 (102) | Low | Â | |
Tried to stop using cannabis. Self-report, past 3 and 12 mo [34] | 3Â mo | 23/42 (55%) versus 19/55 (35%)f | Adj RR 1.58 (1.01 to 2.12)gn | 1 (97) | Low | Â |
12Â mo | 25/47 (53%) versus 21/55 (38%)f | Adj RR 1.42 (0.92 to 1.90)gn | 1 (102) | Low | Â | |
‘Tried to be careful about situations you got into when using marijuana’ | 3 mo | 32/42 (76%) versus 38/55 (69%)f | Adj RR 1.13 (0.84 to 1.30)gn | 1 (97) | Low |  |
Self-report, past 3 and 12 mo [34] | 12Â mo | 34/47 (72%) versus 38/55 (69%)f | Adj RR 1.05 (0.76 to 1.24)gn | 1 (102) | Low | Â |
Decision to attend treatment | ||||||
Abstinence obtained by substance use treatment, including detox [[17]] | 6Â mo | n/a | Not estimable | 1 (118) | n/a | Data poorly reported, not provided by group. |
SECONDARY OUTCOMES | ||||||
Use of different substances | ||||||
Change in type of drug from baseline to follow-up - Cocaine/opioids | 6Â mo | n/a | Not estimable | 1 (118) | n/a | Poorly reported by authors. |
Change from baseline [17] | ||||||
Intention to reduce use | ||||||
Not reported in any studies | n/a | n/a | Not estimable | 0 (0) | n/a | Â |
Other health measures | ||||||
Felt unsafe | 3Â mo | 14/42 (33%) versus 25/55 (45%)f | Adj RR 0.67 (0.33 to 1.16)gn | 1 (97) | Low | Â |
Self-report, past 30 d [34] | ||||||
12Â mo | 11/47 (23%) versus 29/55 (53%)f | Adj RR 0.35 (0.16 to 0.72)gn | 1 (102) | Low | Â | |
Change in ASI composite score from baseline - Cocaine and/or heroin | 3Â mo | Not reported | Not estimable; See Comment | 1 (854) | Low | Authors state not statistically significant |
Change from baseline | Drug - 6 mo | 49% versus 46% reduction from baseline | Not estimable; See Comment | 1 (562) | Low | Authors state P = 0.06 |
Drug and medical subscales [17] | ||||||
Med - 6 mo | 56% versus 50% reduction from baseline | Not estimable; See Comment | 1 (562) | Low | Authors state P = 0.055 | |
Other adverse outcomes | ||||||
Not reported in any studies | Â | n/a | Not estimable | 0 (0) | n/a | Â |