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Table 3 Reference standard related domains

From: Insertion torque recordings for the diagnosis of contact between orthodontic mini-implants and dental roots: a systematic review

Authors

Reference standard

Target condition

Time point of conducting the reference standard

Motoyoshi et al. [6]

Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography

No root contact

One point contact

2 or more points of contact

After the application of an orthodontic force of 2 Newton

Chen et al. [84]

Two-dimensional radiographs and histology

Contacting or damaging the root surface

3, 12, or 24 weeks (depending on the subgroup) after conducting the index test

Brisceno et al. [25]

Two-dimensional peri-apical radiographs

Damaging the root

Immediately after conducting the index test

Wilmes et al. [33]

Digital scanning of histological slides

No root contact

Unilateral root contact

Bilateral root contact, i.e. penetration

After the preparation of histological slides

McEwan [32]

Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography

No root contact

Root contact

Root penetration

Immediately after conducting the index test

  1. All data in this table represent those reported in the original manuscript. Additional data obtained through our protocol for ‘Contacting authors’ are not included in this table