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Table 3 Incidence of community-onset sepsis: cohort studies

From: Community-onset sepsis and its public health burden: a systematic review

Study ID country

Cohort and study characteristics

Study design and duration of follow-up

Type of sepsis

Incidence – overall (total cohort)

Methodological quality (high, acceptable, low)

N of cases per 100,000 population per year [95% CI]

CIP % per hospitalisation or ED visit per year [95% CI]

IDR (N of cases per 100,000 p-y) [95% CI]

Esteban 2007 [46] Spain

Geographic scope

Prospective cohort study

Non-severe

367 [352, 384]

13.28% [12.76, 13.81]

NR

Acceptable quality

City/municipal

Severe

104 [96, 113]

3.76% [3.47, 4.06]

NR

FU: 4 months

Setting

Septic shock

31 [27, 36]

1.11% [0.95, 1.28]

NR

ICU, hospital ward

Cohort denominator

N (population)=573,149

N (hospitalisations)=15,852

Ginde 2013 [47] The USA

Geographic scope

Retrospective cohort study

Severe

NR

0.40% [0.39, 0.41]

NR

Low quality

Nationwide

Setting

FU: 5 years

ED

Cohort denominator

N (population)=NR

N (all ED visits)=87,500,000

Harrison 2006 [11] The UK

Geographic scope

Retrospective cohort study

Severe

66 [NR]μ

27.87% [27.52, 28.24]

NR

Acceptable quality

Nationwide

Setting

FU: 2 years

ICU, combination of ICU with HDU

Cohort denominator

N (population)=NR

N (hospitalisations)=59,527

Henriksen 2015a [42] Denmark

Geographic scope

Prospective cohort study

All

727 [693, 762]

NR

731 [697, 767]

Acceptable quality

City/municipal

Non-severe

264 [243, 285]

NR

265 [245, 287]

Setting

FU: 1 year

Severe

455 [428, 482]

NR

457 [430, 485]

ED, ICU

Septic shock

9 [6, 13]

NR

9 [6, 14]

Cohort denominator

N (population )=235,598

N (hospitalisations)=8,358

Husak 2010 [48] Canada

Geographic scope

Retrospective cohort study

All

103 [NR]μ

NR

NR

Low quality

Nationwide

Non-severe

64 [NR]μ

NR

NR

Setting

FU: 5 years

Severe

40 [NR]μ

NR

NR

ED, ICU, hospital ward

Cohort denominator

N (population or hospitalisations)=NR

Nygard 2014 [49] Norway

Geographic scope

Prospective cohort study

Severe

50 [NR]μ

0.22% [NR]μ

NR

Low quality

City/municipal

Setting

FU: 1 year

ED, ICU, HDU, combination of ICU with HDU

Cohort denominator

N (population or hospitalisations)=NR

Page 2015 [50] The USA

Geographic scope

Retrospective cohort study

Severe

NR

CA-SS

NR

Low quality

Nationwide

5.75% [5.72, 5.77]

Setting

FU: 1 year

HCA-SS

NR

2.37% [2.35, 2.38]

Cohort denominator

N (population)=NR

N (hospitalisations)=3,355,753

Wang 2012 [36] REGARDS-sepsis cohort study 2012-2015β The USA

Geographic scope

Prospective cohort study

Non-severe

514 [489, 539]

NA

800 [760, 840]

Acceptable quality

Nationwide

Setting

FU: 9-10 years

Hospital ward, ED

Cohort denominator

N (population)=30,239

N (hospitalisations)=NR

Seymour 2012 [51]The USA

Geographic scope

Retrospective cohort study

Severe

NR

Entire 10-year cohort

NR

Low quality

Regional (within-State)

3.25% [3.20, 3.31]

Setting

FU: 10 years

One-year cohort

Pre-hospital emergency medical services

4.93% [4.73, 5.13]

Cohort denominator

N (population)= NR

N (emergency encounters)=407,176

Wang 2007 [52] The USA

Geographic scope

Retrospective cohort study

Severe

NR

0.69% [0.61, 0.77]

NR

Low quality

 

Nationwide

Setting

FU: 4 years

ED

Cohort denominator

N (population)=NR

N (ED visits)=82,883,000

  1. CIP cumulative incidence proportion, IDR incidence density rate, HR hazard rate, n/N number, p-y person-years, 95% CI 95 percent confidence interval; REGARDS Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke, FU follow-up, ED emergency department, NA not applicable; NR not reported, ICU intensive care unit, HDU high dependence unit, CA-SS community-acquired severe sepsis, HCA-SS healthcare-acquired severe sepsis
  2. μ 95 % CIs cannot be calculated, due to the lack of denominator reported
  3. β REGARDS-sepsis cohort study publications [32–38, 40, 41]