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Table 1 Risk of bias of included studies according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias toola

From: Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Author

Year

Randomization

Allocation concealment

Blinding of assessor and/or physician (for assessment of objective outcomes)

Blinding of participants (for assessment of subjective outcomes)

Intention to treat

Free of selective reporting

Source of funding

Austin

2009

Low risk

Low risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Carette

1983

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

High risk

Low risk

High risk

Low risk

Steinberg

1991

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Donadio

1976

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

High risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Pohl

1991

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Wang

2007

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Isenberg; An analysis of ALMS study

2010

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Appel (ALMS study)

2009

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Austin

1986

Low risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Balletta

1992

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Bao

2008

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Barron

1982

High risk

High risk

Low risk

Low risk

High risk

High risk

Low risk

Boumpas

1992

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Cade

1973

High risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Chan

2000

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Chen

2011

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Clark

1981

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Clark

1984

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Contreras

2002

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

CYCLOFA-LUNE Study

2010

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Derksen

1988

Low risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Donadio

1974

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

High risk

Low risk

Donadio

1978

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Doria

1994

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Dyadyk

2001

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

El-Shafey

2010

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Fu

1998

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

High risk

Low risk

Ginzler

2005

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Gourley

1996

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Grootscholten (Dutch Lupus study)

2006

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Hahn

1975

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Hong

2007

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Houssiau

2002

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Lewis

1992

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Li

2009a

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Li

2009b

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Lui

1997

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

LUNAR Study

2012

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

MAINTAIN Nephritis Study

2010

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Mitwalli

2011

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Mok

2009

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Moroni

2004

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Mulic-Basic

2008

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

My-Lupus Study

2010

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Ong

2005

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Sabry

2009

High risk

High risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Sesso

1994

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Steinberg

1971

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Sundel/Sandel

2008

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Wallace

1998

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Yee

2004

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

High risk

Low risk

Li

2012

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Yap

2012

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Stoenoiu

2012

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Chen

2012

Low risk

Low risk

High risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Arends (long term FU of Dutch Lupus study)

2012

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Sundel (report of induction and maintenance phases of ALMS study)

2012

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Walsh (post-hoc subgroup analysis of ALMS)

2013

Low risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

PetrI

2010

Low risk

Unclear

High risk

High risk

Low risk

Unclear risk

Low risk

Zeher

2011

Low risk

Low risk

High risk

High risk

High risk

Unclear risk

High risk

Dooley

2011

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

Unclear risk

High risk

Unclear risk

High risk

  1. Radhakrishnan 2010 was a pooled analyses of two studies, and Mok 2001, Hu 2002, and Wang 2008 [3336] were observational studies used in the Cochrane Review; therefore, risk of bias could not be assessed for these studies
  2. aHiggins JP, Altman DG, Sterne JA. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from http://handbook.cochrane.org/. In: Higgins JP, Green S, eds 2011