From: Prosodic processing post traumatic brain injury - a systematic review
Study | Type of AP impairment | TBI impaired compared to controls (Yes/No) | Significant association with severity of TBI (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Significant association with location/type of brain lesion (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Significant association with age at injury (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Significant association with time elapsed since injury (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Significant association with SES (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Significant association with cognitive/executive functions (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Reports of mental health or socialization issues among the TBI group (Yes/No/Not assessed) | Impaired employment post-TBI (Yes/No/Not assessed) |
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Dennis et al. [40] | Prosody-identifying empathy and irony | Yes η 2 = .095 | Yes: GCS score | Yes: focal CT abnormality score negatively associated with identifying literal truth, B = −3.96, SE = 1.74, β = −.29, p = .026, but not empathy and irony. No: diffuse CT abnormality score did not predict any outcome | Yes: older age positively correlated with better recognition of empathy, irony and literal truths; η 2 = .15 | No | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
Dimoska et al. [38] | (1) Prosody—labelling emotions; (2) prosody: processing muffled or non-sense sentence | Yes: TBI, compared to controls, had overall greater difficulty with (1) and (2), reaction time was also slower | Not assessed | Those impaired on labelling had intracerebral and subdural hemorrhages, cerebral edema, or extensive injuries to left/right temporal lobes. Out of 4 participants with focal lesions in right frontal region, only 1 was impaired on labelling task | Not assessed | No | Not assessed | Yes: working memory (r = 0.520; p < .01) and verbal comprehension (r = 0.413; p < .05) was correlated with labelling emotions, but not for emotion discrimination | Yes | Yes |
Ietswaart et al. [36] | (1) Prosody—labelling emotions, (2) prosody—discrimination of non-emotional tones, (3) prosody—discrimination of emotional tones | Yes: for (1) at initial assessment and follow up η 2 = .16; reaction time is also slower, η 2 = .21. No: for (2) and (3) | No | No | Not assessed | Yes: both TBI and orthopaedic injured controls improved at 1-year follow-up | Not assessed | Yes: correlation with verbal fluency, r = > .60, p = < .001. But impairment is still significant after controlling for cognitive abilities | Yes | Not assessed |
McDonald and Saunders [39] | Prosody—labelling emotions | Yes: impaired for audio-visual and especially impaired for audio-only. Bonferroni adjusted confidence interval = 95% | Not assessed | No | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Yes | Yes |
Milders et al. [37] | (1) Prosody—labelling emotions, (2) prosody—discrimination of emotional tones and (3) non-emotional tones, t(32) = 2.6, p < .05, (4) prosody—semantics incongruent with prosody | Yes: for (1), (3) and (4). No: for (2) | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Yes: TBI group was more impaired on pragnosia and suffered from depression compared to controls, behavioural and social problems were also elevated post-TBI | Employment significantly decreased after TBI. Pre-TBI: 13/17 patients were full- or part-time employed. Post-TBI: 5 were employed, and all 5 worked at lower level |
Schmidt et al. [33] | (1) Prosody—labelling emotions, (2) phonological discrimination | Yes: impaired for all time points and for both (1) and (2) | Yes | Not assessed | Yes: younger age at injury associated with faster rate of recovery in emotional prosody performance | Yes | Yes: higher SES correlated with faster rate of improvement in emotional prosody performance | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
Schmidt et al. [34] | Prosody—labelling emotions; phonological discrimination | Yes: impaired for labelling emotions from prosody and correlated with performance on phonological discrimination | No | TBI had greater mean apparent diffusion co-efficient (ADC) values and lesser fractional anisotropy (FA) values. Within TBI, FA was related to Simple Emotion Score only in left cingulum bundle, r = −0.305, p = 0.047. FA of the genu of the corpus callosum was related to phonological discrimination, r = 0.407, p = 0.012 | Not assessed | Not assessed | Yes: children with higher SES scores performed better than those with lower scores, t | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |
Zupan and Neumann [35] | Prosody—labelling emotions | Yes, η p 2 = 0.09 | No | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed | Not assessed |