Table 1 Characteristics of the identified randomised trials

Investigators

Dodd, Grivell, Owens

Poston

McAuliffe

Vinter, Tanvig, Jensen

Bogaerts, Devlieger

Luoto

Renault

Funding

NHMRC (ID 519240 and 1043178)

NIHR

HRB Ireland

Trygfonden, Denmark

Finnish Diabetes Research Fund

Sygekassernes Helsefond; Broedrene Hartmann Fondon

Inclusion criteria

Overweight or obese

Obese

Women with prior birth of infant >4 kg

Obese

Obese

Women of all BMI categories

Obese

Setting

Adelaide, South Australia

Multiple centres, United Kingdom

Dublin, Ireland

Odense, Denmark

Multiple centres, Belgium

Pirkananaa region, Southwest Finland

Copenhagen, Denmark

Intervention intensity

3 face-to-face sessions (2 with dietitian, 1 with RA); 3 telephone contacts

8 weekly sessions with health trainer

Initial group dietary education session, 2 follow-up sessions with dietitian

4 sessions with dietitian; weekly physiotherapy sessions

4 sessions with midwife

5 counselling sessions with midwife

Up to 13 sessions (alternate face-to-face and telephone with dietitian)

Intervention content

Healthy eating in pregnancy; food substitutions; promote increased physical activity; identify barriers/enablers

Healthy eating; food substitutions; promote increased physical activity; SMART goals

Healthy eating in pregnancy; low glycaemic index foods

Dietary advice consistent with national guidelines; individual energy requirements calculated; moderate physical activity

Dietary advice consistent with national guidelines

Promote increased physical activity; dietary advice consistent with national guidelines

Mediterranean style diet consistent with national recommendations; increased physical activity measured by pedometer

Baseline data

10–20 weeks gestation

15–19 weeks gestation

Prior to 18 weeks gestation

10–14 weeks gestation

Prior to 15 weeks gestation

8–12 weeks gestation

Prior to 16 weeks gestation

Primary trial findings

Reduction infant birth weight >4 kg

Improved diet and physical activity

Reduction GWG 0.5 kg

Improved diet and physical activity

Reduction GWG 1.3 kg

Improved diet, physical activity and insulin resistance

Reduction GWG 1.6 kg

Improved insulin resistance

Reduction GWG 1.1 kg

Reduction infant birth weight >4 kg

Improved diet and physical activity

Reduction GWG 1.38 kg

Sample size

2212 women randomised

1556 women randomised

429 women randomised

360 women randomised

205 women randomised

238 women randomised

425 women randomised

Follow-up

6, 18, and 36 months

6 and 36 months

6 and 60 months

6 and 36 months

36 months

36 months

6, 9, 18, and 36 months

Retention

72% (~1592)

60% (~930)

68% (~290)

54% (~194)

65% (~134)

65% (~154)

65% (~250)