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Table 8 Assessments of the likelihood of the causal relationship between spinal manipulative therapy and serious adverse events in reviews based on case reports and case series

From: The risk associated with spinal manipulation: an overview of reviews

Rating of causal relationship

Ernst 2007 [118]

Ernst 2005 [133]

Ernst 2004 [89]

Ernst 2003 [90]

Stevinson 2002 [124]

‘Certain’, n (%)

8 (21.6%)

6 (42.9%)

12 (30%)

0 (0%)

5 (22.7%)

‘Likely’, n (%)

18 (48.6%)

6 (42.9%)

16 (40%)

0 (0%)

14 (63.6%)

‘Possible’, n (%)

8 (21.6%)

2 (14.3%)

9 (22.5%)

2 (100%)

0 (0%)

‘Not assessable’ or ‘???’, n (%)

3 (8.2%)

0 (0%)

3 (7.5%)

0 (0%)

3 (13.6%)

Total, n (%)

37 (100%)

14 (100%)

40 (100%)

2 (100%)

22 (100%)