Table 1 Summary of descriptive characteristics of included articles (n = 4)

> 18 years old

treated 26.8 ± 5.5.

untreated 25.7 ± 5.4

p > 0.05.

PD: two or more sites measuring ≥ 5-mm probing depths plus periodontal attachment loss of 1 to 2 mm at one or more sites with PDs ≥ 5 mm.PTB: delivery < 37 weeks.

Treated (n = 40) periodontal scaling and root planing and polishing. Oral health instructions.

Untreated (n = 34) supragingival debridement. Periodontal treatment and oral health instructions after delivery.

GCF

PGE2, d-8-iso PGF_2a, IL-1β, and IL-6 at first and last dental examinations.

Serum

sICAM-1, sGP-130, IL-6 sr, d-8-iso, PGF_2a, and CRP at first obstetric visit and at delivery.

PT:Treated: 9/35 (25, 7%)Untreated: 14/32 (43.8%) p = 0.026

Preeclampsia^p

Treated: 1/40 (2.5%)

Untreated: 2/34 (5.9%)

GCF

IL-1β—p = 0.01 (lower on treated group)

PGE2, [iso] PGE_2a, and IL-6—p > 0.05

Serum

IL-6 sr—p = 0.03 (lower on treated group)

IL-6, sICAM-1, d-8-iso PGE_2a, soluble glycoprotein-130 (sGP-130)ⁿ, and CRP—p > 0.05.

This pilot study provides further evidence supporting the potential benefits of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. Treatment was safe, improved periodontal health, and prevented periodontal disease progression. Preliminary data show a 3.8-fold reduction in the rate of preterm delivery, a decrease in periodontal pathogen load, and a decrease in both GCF IL-1β and serum markers of IL-6 response.

Moderate

> 18 years old

treated: 30.5 ± 4.5.

untreated: 30.5 ± 5.5.

PD: PPD ≥ 4 mm at ≥ 4 sites and CAL ≥ 2 mm at ≥ 4 sites.

PTB < 37 weeks.

LBW < 2500 g.

Treated (n = 49) nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

Untreated (n = 50) oral hygiene instruction and

supragingival cleaning of all teeth at baseline.

Serum cord

IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 at delivery.

PTB

Treated: 4/49 (8.2%)

Untreated: 1/50 (2%)

p > 0.05

LBW

Treated: 3/49 (6.2%)

Untreated: 1/50 (2%)

p > 0.05

(IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 between groups p > 0.05.

Intra-pregnancy nonsurgical periodontal treatment, completed at 20 to 24 weeks, did not reduce the risk of preterm, low-birth-weight delivery in this population.

Low

17 to 35 years old

(mean and SD not available).

PD: > 2 mm

CAL: at > 50% examined sites.

PTB: < 37 weeks.

LBW: < 2500 g.

Treated (n = 50) scaling and root planing with 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse once a day.

Untreated (n = 50) same treatment after delivery.

Serum

CRP at baseline and after delivery.

PTB

Treated: 16/50 (32%)

Untreated: 36/50 (72%)

p < 0.05

LBW

Treated: 18/50 (36%)

Untreated: 26/50 (52%)

p < 0.05

CRP

Treated: reduction (p < 0.05)

Untreated: no reduction (p > 0.05).

Nonsurgical supportive periodontal therapy can significantly reduce the risk of PTB and LBW deliveries.

Nonsurgical supportive periodontal therapy can reduce raised serum CRP levels in pregnant females affected with periodontitis.

High

> 16 years old

treated 31.9 ± 5.4.

untreated31.7 ± 5.0

p = 0.651.

PD: ≥ 3.5 mm PPD at 25% of sites.

PTB: < 37 week.

Treated (n = 40) nonsurgical debridement of the sub- and supra-gingival plaque and removal of calculus and overhanging restoration adjustments.

Untreated (n = 39) same treatment after delivery.

GCF

IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, MCP-1, and TNF-α at 20 and 28 weeks of gestation.

PTB

Treated: 5/40 (12.5%)

Untreated: 4/39 (10.3%)

p = 0.754

GCF

IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17 and IL-6—p < 0.05 (lower on treated group)

MCP-1, IL-8 and TNF-α: p < 0.05 (increased on treated group).

PD treatment in pregnancy reduces the levels of some inflammatory mediators in the GCF and improves dental parameters, with no overt effects on pregnancy outcome.

Moderate