From: The macro-economic determinants of health and health inequalities—umbrella review protocol
Local level | National | International | Illustrative example of impact on health (if known) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Category 1: market regulation | Competition including legislation, consideration of externalities in pricing, fiscal measures, e.g. tax, market structure | Trade policy | Regulation of the tobacco market, via taxation and restrictions on advertisement and right to trade with tobacco has been associated with a range of benefits such as reduced heart disease [25] | |
Category 2: institutions | Central bank, banks, micro-finance, mortgages, startups. Legislation and regulation of organisations | International organisations, e.g. International Monetary Fund, World Bank, multinational firms, World Trade Organisation | Loans issued by the IMF and subsequent tuberculosis mortality [26] | |
Category 3: supply of money, finance and loans | Local currencies, debt | Interest rates, inflation, deflation, wages, supply of money or credit, macro-economic policy, fiscal policy, financial crises, monetary policy, structural adjustment policies, natural resources | International lending, foreign aid, financial transactions tax, capital controls | Financial crises and suicide rates [27] |
Category 4: balance between public, private and third sector | Land tenure Informal economies, shadow economies, social enterprises and cooperatives | Structure and scope of government, privatization and nationalization, taxation, tax avoidance, government expenditure and welfare provision, property rights | Mass privatization and mortality in the former Soviet Union [28] | |
Category 5: labour | Firm governance, structure, ownership, behavior, | Trade unions, employment, unemployment, minimum wage, labor force size and structure | Unemployment and suicide [29] OR Overwork and stroke [30] | |
Category 6: production and consumption | Income, wealth, distribution | Industrialisation, economic growth and aggregate productivity | Income inequality and mortality [31] | |
Category 7: approaches to economy | Regional economics | Capitalist, socialist, transitional, Keynesian, Marxian, neoclassical, ecological economics | Political traditions more committed to redistributive economic policies may lead to improvements in the health of populations [32] |