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Table 2 Methodological quality and applicability assessment of the included studies (using QUADAS-2 guidelines)

From: Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of detection of any level of diabetic retinopathy using digital retinal imaging

Domains

Risk of bias

Applicability concerns

Study

Patient selection

Index test

Reference standard

Flow and timing

Patient selection

Index test

Reference standard

 1. Ahmed, J. et al. 2006

Low

Low

Low

High

High

Low

Unclear

 2. Aptel, F. et al. 2008

Low

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

 3. Baeza, M. et al. 2009

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

 4. Boucher, M. C. et al. 2003

Low

Low

Low

High

High

High

Low

 5. Ding, J. et al. 2012

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

Low

 6. Hansen, A. B. et al. 2004

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

 7. Henricsson, M. et al. 2000

Low

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

 8. Herbert, H. M. et al. 2003

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

Low

 9. Ku, J. J. et al. 2013

Low

Low

Low

Unclear

High

Low

Low

 10. Kuo, H. K. et al. 2005

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

Low

Low

 11. LopezBastida, J. et al. 2007

Low

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Unclear

Low

 12. Maberley, D. et al. 2002

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

High

Low

 13. Massin, P. et al. 2003

Unclear

Unclear

Low

Low

High

High

Low

 14. Murgatroyd H et al. 2003

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

 15. Neubauer, A. S. et al. 2008

Low

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

 16. Olson, J. A. et al. 2003

Unclear

Low

Low

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

 17. Phiri, R. et al. 2006

Unclear

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

Low

 18. Scanlon, P. H. et al. 2003

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

High

Low

 19. Scanlon, P. H. et al. 2003_(2)

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

High

Low

 20. Suansilpong, A et al. 2008

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

 21. Sundling, V. et al. 2013

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Studies excluded in meta-analysis

 22. Bhargava, M. et al. 2012

High

High

High

Unclear

Low

High

Low

 23. Mizrachi, Y. et al. 2014

High

High

High

High

High

High

Low

 24. Perrier, M. et al. 2003

High

Low

Low

High

High

High

Low

 25. Schiffman, R.M. et al. 2005

Low

High

High

Unclear

Low

High

High

 26. Tu, K.L. et al. 2004

High

High

High

Low

Low

High

Low