Subgroup | Description |
---|---|
Local adverse effects | |
 Dental | • Crown: decalcifications, decays, tooth wear, enamel cracks and fractures; discolorations, deterioration of prosthetic crown (as fracturing a ceramic one during debonding) • Root: root resorption, early closure of root apex, ankylosis • Pulp: ischemia, pulpitis, necrosis |
 Periodontal | • Gingivitis, periodontitis, gingival recession or hypertrophy, alveolar bone loss, dehiscences, fenestrations, interdental fold, dark triangles |
 Temporomandibular joint | • Condylar resorption, temporomandibular dysfunction |
 Soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region | • Trauma (e.g., long archwires, headgear related), mucosal ulcerations or hyperplasia, chemical burns (e.g., etching related), thermal injuries (e.g., overheated burs), stomatitis, clumsy handling of dental instruments |
 Unsatisfactory treatment outcome | • Inadequate morpho-functional, esthetic or functional final result, relapse, failure to complete treatment due to treatment dropout |
Systemic adverse effects | |
 Psychological | • Teasing, behavioral changes of patients and parents; discomfort associated with pain presence and esthetic look discontents during orthodontic appliance usage |
 Gastro-intestinal | • Accidental swallowing of small parts of the orthodontic device (tubes, brackets) |
 Allergies | • To nickel or latex |
 Cardiac | • Infective endocarditis |
 Chronic fatigue syndrome |  |
 Cross infections | • From doctor to patient, patient to doctor, patient to patient |