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Table 2 Adverse effects hypothetically linked to orthodontic interventions [20]

From: Seeking adverse effects in systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions: protocol for a cross-sectional study

Subgroup

Description

Local adverse effects

 Dental

• Crown: decalcifications, decays, tooth wear, enamel cracks and fractures; discolorations, deterioration of prosthetic crown (as fracturing a ceramic one during debonding)

• Root: root resorption, early closure of root apex, ankylosis

• Pulp: ischemia, pulpitis, necrosis

 Periodontal

• Gingivitis, periodontitis, gingival recession or hypertrophy, alveolar bone loss, dehiscences, fenestrations, interdental fold, dark triangles

 Temporomandibular joint

• Condylar resorption, temporomandibular dysfunction

 Soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region

• Trauma (e.g., long archwires, headgear related), mucosal ulcerations or hyperplasia, chemical burns (e.g., etching related), thermal injuries (e.g., overheated burs), stomatitis, clumsy handling of dental instruments

 Unsatisfactory treatment outcome

• Inadequate morpho-functional, esthetic or functional final result, relapse, failure to complete treatment due to treatment dropout

Systemic adverse effects

 Psychological

• Teasing, behavioral changes of patients and parents; discomfort associated with pain presence and esthetic look discontents during orthodontic appliance usage

 Gastro-intestinal

• Accidental swallowing of small parts of the orthodontic device (tubes, brackets)

 Allergies

• To nickel or latex

 Cardiac

• Infective endocarditis

 Chronic fatigue syndrome

 

 Cross infections

• From doctor to patient, patient to doctor, patient to patient

  1. Permission to reproduce this table was obtained on 16 August 2018 from InTech’s Publishing Ethics and Legal Affairs Department