Skip to main content

New insulin delivery devices and glycemic outcomes in young patients with type 1 diabetes: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Optimal type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) care requires lifelong appropriate insulin treatment, which can be provided either by multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin or by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). An increasing number of trials and previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) have compared both CSII and MDI but have provided limited information on equity and fairness regarding access to, and the effect of, those insulin devices. This study protocol proposes a clear and transparent methodology for conducting a SRMA of the literature (1) to assess the effect of CSII versus MDI on glycemic and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) among young patients with T1D and (2) to identify health inequalities in the use of CSII.

Methods

This protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), the PRISMA-E (PRISMA-Equity 2012 Guidelines), and the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. We will include randomized clinical trials and non-randomized studies published between January 2000 and June 2019 to assess the effectiveness of CSII versus MDI on glycemic and PROs in young patients with T1D. To assess health inequality among those who received CSII, we will use the PROGRESS framework. To gather relevant studies, a search will be conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) database. We will select studies that compared glycemic outcomes (the glycosylated hemoglobin values, severe hypoglycemia episodes, diabetic ketoacidosis events, and/or time spent in range or in hyper-hypoglycemia), and health-related quality of life, as a PRO, between therapies. Screening and selection of studies will be conducted independently by two researchers. Subgroup analyses will be performed according to age group, length of follow-up, and the use of adjunctive technological therapies that might influence glycemic outcomes.

Discussion

Studies of the average effects of CSII versus MDI may have not assessed their impact on health equity, as some intended populations have been excluded. Therefore, this study will address health equity issues when assessing effects of CSII. The results will be published in a peer-review journal. Ethics approval will not be needed.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42018116474

Peer Review reports

Background

Optimal type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) care requires lifelong appropriate insulin treatment that can be provided by either multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin or by a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump [1]. Over the last years, the use of CSII has increased substantially among pediatric patients [1]. However, the selection of CSII versus MDI might have not been based only on clinical indications (e.g., elevated glycosylated hemoglobin and higher hypoglycemia rate), but also could have been influenced by social factors, such as the place of residence and socioeconomic status, which may have led to health inequalities [1,2,3].

Meeting glycemic targets is a challenging task in young patients with T1D; thus, new insulin delivery systems represent an opportunity to improve glycemic control, to promote patient-centered decisions, and to reduce the burden of diabetes care [4, 5]. Although an increasing number of trials has assessed whether the CSII is more effective than the intensive insulin therapy with syringe and/or pen [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13], previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) of trials have not reported adequate information concerning equity and fairness in treatment selection [14,15,16,17].

Given the greater difficulty for good glycemic control in patients/families with lower health literacy and poor access to some healthcare resources, it is possible that the absolute benefit of CSII would be greater in those with lower socioeconomic status [18]. However, we do not know if they have the chance to participate and benefit from this intervention. In addition, there might exist several barriers for patient access and/or maintenance using CSII, and only a few studies (e.g., diabetes registries) have investigated the role of unequal health care access and social disparities on glycemic outcomes [2, 19, 20]. In consequence, SRMAs with an equity lens could assess whether unequal benefits across sociodemographic population groups could contribute to worsening health inequalities in T1D management [21,22,23].

Therefore, this paper aims to report a standardized and transparent methodology for conducting a SRMA of the literature (1) to assess the effectiveness of using CSII versus MDI on glycemic (glycosylated hemoglobin, severe hypoglycemia, diabetes ketoacidosis and glycemic variability) and patient-related outcomes among young patients with T1D and (2) to identify health inequalities for those who use CSII.

Methods

Review design

This protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) [24] and was registered and published on PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (registration number CRD42018116474). The Cochrane Collaboration Handbook [25] will also be used to guide the review methods, and PRISMA-E (PRISMA-Equity 2012) Guidelines [26] to elaborate the final report. To perform the SRMA, we will include randomized clinical trials (RCT) and non-randomized studies (NRS)—which cover diabetes registries and longitudinal studies—that compared the clinical effectiveness of CSII versus MDI in youths with T1D.

Data sources and search strategy

The bibliographic search will be conducted from January 2000 to June 2019 in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Database. We will also carry out a handsearch of the previous reviews and the bibliography from the original articles for additional references, as well as of the gray literature focusing on abstracts from diabetes associations and conference proceedings, and from technical reports (research and governmental agencies). Search will use standardized subject terms and will be conducted by a librarian with the input from the principal investigator, using Boolean operators for MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and HTA database. The final search strategy will have no restrictions based on language or publication status (see Additional file 1).

Eligibility criteria

We will select studies that compared the use of CSII with MDI and evaluated any of the following glycemic outcomes: glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, percentage), the incidence of hypoglycemia episodes [e.g., severe, serious and/or nocturnal], diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) events, and/or time spent in range or in hyper-hypoglycemia. Studies that mentioned health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as a PRO will also be selected. Specifically, the studies must meet the following selection criteria: (1) to be conducted with children and adolescents (under 20 years of age), (2) exclusively on patients with T1D, (3) designed as RCT or NRS, and (4) to have reported any of the outcomes of interest: HbA1c, hypoglycemia, DKA, time in range or in hyper-hypoglycemia, and HRQoL. Bi-hormonal or dual-hormone closed-loop systems that deliver glucagon in addition to insulin will not be included.

Equity analysis

To explore equity in CSII, we will use indicators of social disadvantages defined by PROGRESS [27]. The acronym PROGRESS is a framework to guide data extraction to relate the outcomes with equity of access to an intervention, according to “place of residence” (residing in a high- or low-to-middle-income country, as per the World Bank database), “race, ethnicity, culture and language” (racial, ethnical, and cultural background, when the majority of the groups include belonging to a distinctive group who shares origin, culture, traditions, and language through generations), “occupation” (parental patterns of work that favor proper maintenance of a therapy or not), “gender/sex” (sex refers to identify sex distribution when recommended each therapy), “religion” (religious affiliation, spiritual beliefs, or values that promote better access to health services), “education” (assumes that high parental educational level, or health literacy and numeracy, is an advantage), “socioeconomic status” (access to resources and privilege with greater household wealth, as an advantage), and “social capital” (benefits obtained by individuals due to their social relationships, as an advantage).

For each factor of inequality, we hypothesized different social gradients: (1) a positive gradient, when better glycemic outcomes are found in more socially advantaged groups; (2) a negative gradient, when better outcomes are found in less advantaged groups; and (3) a neutral gradient, when no significant differences exist between groups. The results will be summarized with the aid of a harvest plot, which is a graphical technique that helps to illustrate a narrative synthesis [28].

Study selection and data extraction

Two reviewers will work independently to check eligibility of studies (title and abstract and, if needed, full-text) and extract the appropriate information in full-text articles. Disagreements will be resolved by consensus. Assessment of eligibility and its inclusion will be conducted according to the indications of the PRISMA statement. Data to be extracted from articles include the year of publication, country, study design and period of data collection, baseline characteristics of participants, interventions and comparators, factors of inequalities at baseline, and outcomes (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1 Table of evidence with main characteristics of the included studies
Table 2 PROGRESS framework to guide health equity data extraction on type 1 diabetes

The glycemic endpoints include (1) the mean value of HbA1c (percentage), assessed preferably at the end of the study, (2) the number of serious, severe and/or nocturnal hypoglycemia episodes [≤ 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) or an event associated with severe cognitive impairment (including coma and convulsions) requiring assistance], (3) the number of patients with ≥ 1 DKA event, and (4) the percentage of time spent in range [percentage of readings in the glycemic range of 3.9–10.0 mmol/L (70–180 mg/dL) per unit of time] or in hypo [< 3.9 mmol/L (< 70 mg/dL)] and hyperglycemia [> 10 mmol/L (> 180 mg/dL)] [23, 29,30,31,32]. PRO will be captured with the HRQoL questionnaires. When necessary, authors of eligible studies will be contacted to provide additional information.

Assessment of risk of bias

Two reviewers will independently assess the risk of bias of each study using two different tools: the Cochrane Risk of Bias form RCT and the RTI Item Bank for NRS [33, 34]. A review of only RCT may provide insufficient information on vulnerable subpopulations. Still, the inclusion of NRS may increase the challenges in establishing causal inference because they are at greater risk of bias than RCT, resulting from confounding by indication and selection bias. In contrast, threats to validity from performance and detection bias, and to precision from the inadequate sample size, should not differ markedly between RCT and NRS (although some features such as blinding of assessors that protect against detection bias are more likely in experimental designs than in observational studies). By including NRS (mainly registries), we may capture valuable information on the intended population for whom CSII is preferred, because registries are larger, studied over a longer time, and may better reflect all subgroups of patients and routine clinical practice [3].

Statistical analysis

We will summarize the main characteristics of selected studies, including the study’s objectives and design, characteristics of study participants, intervention and comparator, inclusion of PROGRESS categories, and outcomes (Tables 1 and 2). Effects across the studies will be summarized with (1) the pooled mean difference for HbA1c; (2) the pooled rate ratio for hypoglycemia; (3) the pooled risk ratio for DKA; (4) the mean difference in percentage of time that blood glucose concentration remained in target range, in hypo- or in hyperglycemia; and (5) the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for quality of life outcomes, with their 95% confidence interval (CI), calculated with inverse variance random effects models to incorporate the level of heterogeneity found across studies [25, 35]. The effect size of the SMD will be classified as small (0.1–0.3), medium (0.3–0.6) or large (≥ 0.6) [36]. Heterogeneity among studies will be assessed with the I2 statistic, whose values will be classified as follows: no relevant heterogeneity (0–25%), moderate heterogeneity (25–50%), and substantial heterogeneity (> 50%) [37]. Meta-analyses will be performed separately for RCTs and NRS when data are available for at least two studies with comparable results. For equity outcomes, results will be summarized as a narrative synthesis [28]. Publication bias will be evaluated graphically using a funnel plot and also with the method of Egger et al. [37]. The strength of the body of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool [38].

Subgroup analysis

Subgroup analyses will be performed based on age group, length of follow-up, and the use of adjunctive technological therapies that might directly improve glycemic outcomes.

Sensitivity analysis

The analyses will be repeated after exclusion of studies with a high risk of bias, and separately for RCT and NRS.

Discussion

Given the increase of worldwide incidence of T1D, the wider use of the CSII pump among some specific socioeconomic and demographic groups, and the lack of evidence of its superiority when compared with the conventional therapy using MDI, there is a need to critically assess the rise of inequalities in treatment selection [39]. Furthermore, the inclusion of PRO captured by health-related quality of life questionnaires will contribute to a complete diabetes measures portfolio [40]. Hence, the assessment of the effects of CSII versus MDI on glycemic outcomes, across social factors defined by PROGRESS, may contribute better to understand their impact on health equity [12, 16, 41, 42].

A major issue will probably be the limited data reported in the reviewed studies on the PROGRESS factors. For this reason, supplementary information will also be gathered from authors of the included studies. We are aware that the lack of important published information on equity may be a limitation of our review.

The results of an equity-oriented SRMA may yield an opportunity to discuss not only the effects of such interventions on glycemic endpoints, but also the existing gap of information in the included studies regarding social inequities; it will pave the way to use those results to orient clinical practice, equity-based research, and health policy formulation.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable

Abbreviations

CSII:

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

DKA:

Diabetes ketoacidosis

GRADE:

Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation

HbA1c :

Glycosylated hemoglobin

HRQoL:

Health-related quality of life

HTA:

Health Technology Assessment

MDI:

Multiple daily injections

NRS:

Non-randomized studies

PRISMA-E:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis – Equity Report

PRISMA-P:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols

PRO:

Patient-related outcome

PROGRESS:

Place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social capital

RCT:

Pandomized clinical trials

SMD:

Standardized mean difference

SRMA:

Systematic review and meta-analysis

T1D:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

References

  1. Danne T, Bangstad H-J, Deeb L, Jarosz-Chobot P, Mungaie L, Saboo B, et al. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(S20):115–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lin MH, Connor CG, Ruedy KJ, Beck RW, Kollman C, Buckingham B, et al. Race, socioeconomic status, and treatment center are associated with insulin pump therapy in youth in the first year following diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(11):929–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Pickup JC. The evidence base for diabetes technology: appropriate and inappropriate meta-analysis. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7(6):1567–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wood JR, Miller KM, Maahs DM, Beck RW, Dimeglio LA, Libman IM, et al. Most youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry do not meet American diabetes association or international society for pediatric and adolescent diabetes clinical guidelines. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):2035–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tauschmann M, Hovorka R. Technology in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus-current status and future prospects. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(8):464–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cohen D, Weintrob N, Benzaquen H, Galatzer A, Fayman G, Phillip M. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized open crossover trial. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16(7):1047–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fox LA, Buckloh LM, Smith SD, Wysocki T, Mauras N. A randomized controlled trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1277–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Skogsberg L, Fors H, Hanas R, Chaplin JE, Lindman E, Skogsberg J. Improved treatment satisfaction but no difference in metabolic control when using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in children at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008;9(5):472–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Szypowska A, Schwandt A, Svensson J, Shalitin S, Cardona-Hernandez R, Forsander G, et al. Insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes: analysis of data from the SWEET registry. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016;17(October):38–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lazar L, Fayman G, Lilos P, Dickerman Z, Phillip M. Daily injection regimens in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatrics. 2003;112(3):559–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wilson DM, Buckingham BA, Kunselman EL, Sullivan MM, Paguntalan HU, Gitelman SE. A two-center randomized controlled feasibility trial of insulin pump therapy in young children with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(1):15–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. DiMeglio LA, Pottorff TM, Boyd SR, France L, Fineberg N, Eugster EA. A randomized, controlled study of insulin pump therapy in diabetic preschoolers. J Pediatr. 2004;145(3):380–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Weintrob N, Benzaquen H, Galatzer A, Shalitin S, Lazar L, Fayman G, et al. Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection regimens in children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized open crossover trial. Pediatrics. 2003;112(3 Pt 1):559–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Pańkowska E, Błazik M, Dziechciarz P, Szypowska A, Szajewska H. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10(1):52–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Misso ML, Egberts KJ, PageM, O’Connor D, Shaw J. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD005103. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1002/14651858.CD005103.pub2

  16. Benkhadra K, Alahdab F, Tamhane SU, McCoy RG, Prokop LJ, Murad MH. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2017;55(1):77–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pickup JC, Sutton AJ. Severe hypoglycaemia and glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of multiple daily insulin injections compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabet Med. 2008;25(7):765–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chalew SA. The continuing challenge of outcome disparities in children with diabetes. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):552–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sherr JL, Hermann JM, Campbell F, Foster NC, Hofer SE, Allgrove J, et al. Use of insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and its impact on metabolic control: comparison of results from three large, transatlantic paediatric registries. Diabetologia. 2016;59(1):87–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Icks A, Razum O, Rosenbauer J, Bächle C, Hungele A, Mönkemöller K, et al. Lower frequency of insulin pump treatment in children and adolescents of Turkish background with type 1 diabetes: analysis of 21,497 patients in Germany. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14(12):1105–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008;372(9650):1661–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Chiang JL, Maahs DM, Garvey KC, Hood KK, Laffel LM, Weinzimer SA, et al. Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(9):2026–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rewers MJ, Pillay K, de Beaufort C, Craig ME, Hanas R, Acerini CL, et al. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(SUPPL.20):102–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647. [cited 2019 Apr 5].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Chapter 4: Guide to the contents of a Cochrane protocol and review. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.

  26. Welch V, Petticrew M, Tugwell P, Moher D, O’Neill J, Waters E, et al. PRISMA-Equity 2012 extension: reporting guidelines for systematic reviews with a focus on health equity. PLoS Med. 2012;9(10).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. O’Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, Petticrew M, Pottie K, Clarke M, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(1):56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ogilvie D, Fayter D, Petticrew M, Sowden A, Thomas S, Whitehead M, et al. The harvest plot: a method for synthesising evidence about the differential effects of interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. American Diabetes Association AD. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in Diabetesd2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S126–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ly TT, Maahs DM, Rewers A, Dunger D, Oduwole A, Jones TW. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(S20):180–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zabar B. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pract Emerg Resusc Crit Care. 2013;15:389–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Agiostratidou G, Anhalt H, Ball D, Blonde L, Gourgari E, Harriman KN, et al. Standardizing clinically meaningful outcome measures beyond HbA1c for type 1 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, the American Diabetes Association, the Endo. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1622–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Viswanathan M, Berkman ND, Dryden DM, Hartling L. Assessing risk of bias and confounding in observational studies of interventions or exposures: further development of the RTI Item Bank. 2013. Methods Research Report; 2013. Available from: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm. Cited 2018 May 18

  34. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JA. Assessing risk of bias in included studies [Internet]. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017); 2017. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook. Cited 2018 Sept 5

  35. DerSimonian R, Kacker R. Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: an update. Contemp Clin Trials. 2007;28(2):105–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Cohen J. In: Cohen J, editor. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988. p. 19–66.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Owens DK, Lohr K, Atkins D, Treadwell JR, Reston JT, Bass EB, et al. Methods guide for comparative effectiveness reviews: grading the strength of a body of evidence when comparing medical interventions [Internet]. Rockville, MD; 2008. Available from: http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/search-for-guides-reviews-and-reports/?pageaction=displayproduct&productID=1163. Cited 2018 Sep 6

  39. Acerini C. The rise of technology in diabetes care. Not all that is new is necessarily better. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016;17(3):168–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Burstin H, Johnson K. Getting to better care and outcomes for diabetes through measurement. Am J Manag Care. 2016;22(Spec No. 4):SP145–6.

  41. Welch V, Tugwell P, Petticrew M, de Montigny J, Ueffing E, Kristjansson B, McGowan J, Benkhalti Jandu M, Wells GA, Brand K, Smylie J. How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):MR000028. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1002/14651858.MR000028.pub2

  42. Sherr JL, Tauschman M, Battelino T, de Bock M, Forlenza G, Roman R, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018 diabetes technologies. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(July):302–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

TJ was responsible for the conception and design of the study. FRA and JA were the principal investigators and guarantors. CAFM prepared the search strategy. TJ and JDC selected the articles, extracted the data, and conducted the statistical analyses. TJ drafted the manuscript with the support of JA and FRA. All authors revised this work for important intellectual content, and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ information

TJ is a member of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE). JA is a member of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) and the Endocrine Society.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tiago Jeronimo Dos Santos.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

The authors consent for further publication.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Additional file 1.

Search Strategies.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dos Santos, T.J., Donado Campos, J.d., Fraga Medin, C.A. et al. New insulin delivery devices and glycemic outcomes in young patients with type 1 diabetes: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 8, 259 (2019). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13643-019-1171-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s13643-019-1171-9

Keywords