Fig. 4

Study-specific standardised mean differences (SMDs) of cognition for increasing doses of alcohol (grams/day) for males. The relationship between the SMDs and cognition was modelled using a restricted cubic spline with three knots (located at 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of alcohol consumption observed across the studies). Black squares indicate a standardised mean difference and the whiskers indicate its 95% confidence interval. Solid lines represent the estimated dose-response curves, and the dashed lines the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The current non-drinker served as the referent group