Table 1 Summary of the reviewed 81 published cohort studies according to the measured six exposure and two outcome domains

 Anthropometric (e.g., BMI)

16 [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55]

19.8

 Environmental (e.g., nutrients, smoking)

6 [49, 51, 56,57,58,59]

7.4

 Medical/Medical services (e.g., non-maternal diseases, hospital stay)

32 [20, 21, 26, 27, 40, 41, 43,44,45,46, 52, 53, 58, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78]

39.5

 Maternal or reproductive (e.g., parity, GDM)

52 [22, 24, 25, 40, 41, 43,44,45,46, 48, 52, 53, 56, 58, 61, 63,64,65,66,67,68, 71, 72, 74,75,76, 79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104]

65.2

 Perinatal or newborn (e.g., birth weight, cord blood)

17 [20, 21, 43, 45, 46, 53, 65, 69, 73, 75, 92, 105,106,107,108,109,110]

21.0

 Sociodemographic (e.g., age, income)

25 [24, 40, 41, 43,44,45,46, 51,52,53, 56, 58, 75, 76, 84, 87, 92, 99, 100, 102, 104, 110,111,112,113]

30.9

 Maternal (e.g., C-section, pre-eclampsia)

60 [22, 24,25,26, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48, 50, 53,54,55,56, 58,59,60,61,62, 64, 66,67,68, 71, 72, 74, 76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91, 93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100, 102,103,104, 111,112,113]

74.1

 Birth (e.g., macrosomia, stillbirth)

67 [20,21,22, 25,26,27, 40, 42, 43, 45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52, 54,55,56,57, 60,61,62,63, 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75, 77,78,79,80, 82, 85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98, 101,102,103, 105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113]

82.7