Approaches | Strategies |
---|---|
Psychological support | Establishing relationship with patient and his/her family members to collect data about his/her daily habits and behaviors; increasing family members’ attendance at patient bedside; emotional support; stress management; coping enhancement |
Physiological support | Removing unnecessary connections; fulfilling patient’s needs; pain management; medication management |
Environmental modifications | Using motion sensors, alarms, low-low beds, and floor pads; reducing environmental stimuli; continuous patient monitoring |
Managerial and organizational measures | Modifying organizational culture to reduce PR use; increasing nurse-patient ratio; promoting managerial supervision; providing healthcare providers with clinical guidelines; providing nurses and physicians with educations about PR use, its legal and ethical considerations, and its adverse consequences; and modifying PR-related attitudes |