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Table 2 Approaches and strategies for minimizing PR use

From: The principles of physical restraint use for hospitalized elderly people: an integrated literature review

Approaches

Strategies

Psychological support

Establishing relationship with patient and his/her family members to collect data about his/her daily habits and behaviors; increasing family members’ attendance at patient bedside; emotional support; stress management; coping enhancement

Physiological support

Removing unnecessary connections; fulfilling patient’s needs; pain management; medication management

Environmental modifications

Using motion sensors, alarms, low-low beds, and floor pads; reducing environmental stimuli; continuous patient monitoring

Managerial and organizational measures

Modifying organizational culture to reduce PR use; increasing nurse-patient ratio; promoting managerial supervision; providing healthcare providers with clinical guidelines; providing nurses and physicians with educations about PR use, its legal and ethical considerations, and its adverse consequences; and modifying PR-related attitudes