Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Reference | Country | Number of hospitals (bed size) | Financial status | Type of hospital | Setting in hospital | Baseline error rate, %a | Developer of CPOE system | Use of CPOE | CDSSb | Study design | Event detection methodsc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bizovi et al., 2002 [49] | USA | 1 (560) | Public | Academic | ED | 3.6 (visits) | Commercial (EmSTAT; CyberPlus) | Mandatory | Noned | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders |
UK | 1 (-) | (Probably public) | Academic | General surgery ward | 64.9 | Commercial (ServeRx V.1:13; MDG Medical) | Mandatory | None | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders, medical record review, and incident reporting | |
Shawahna et al., 2011 [53] | Pakistan | 1 (1280) | Public | Academic | 2 medical wards | 83.8 | Homegrown | Mandatory | None | Pre/post | Medical record review (R) |
Shulman et al., 2005 [54] | UK | 1 (-) | Public | Academic | General ICU | 41.1 | Commercial (QS 5.6 Clinical Information System; GE Healthcare) | Not stated | None | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders |
Leung et al., 2012 [11] | USA | 6 (100 to 300 each) | – | Community | Hospital-wide | 42.3 | Commercial (not stated) | Not stated | Present | Pre/post | Medical record and order review (B, R) |
USA | 2 (665 and 555) | Private | Academic, Community | General surgery, Orthopedic/neurosurgical units | – | Commercial (LastWord®; GE, formerly IDX) | Mandatory (n = 1) and voluntary (n = 1) | Present | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders, with changes signed by MD | |
Taylor et al., 2002 [57]e | USA | 3 (1000 in total) | Private | Academic | Hospital-wide | – | Not stated | Not stated | Present | Pre/post | Quarterly review of subset of medication orders |
Barron et al., 2006 [58] | USA | 1 (525) | Private | Academic | Hospital-wide | 10.4 | Homegrown | Mandatory | Basic | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders |
Bates et al., 1998 [59] | USA | 1 (726) | Private | Academic | 2 medical and 2 surgical wards, 2 ICUs | 4.9 | Homegrown | Mandatory | Basic | Pre/post | Medical record review and other means (B, R) |
Van Doormal et al., 2009 [60] | The Nether-lands | 2 (1300 and 600) | – | Academic | 2 medical wards at each hospital | 99.9 | Commercial (Medicator®; iSoft), Partly Homegrown (Theriak®), | Mandatory | Basic | Pre/post | Medical record and order review |
Westbrook et al., 2012 [61] | Australia | 2 (400 and 326) | – | Academic | 4 medical wards at one hospital; 1 cardiology and 1 psychiatry unit at the other hospital | 99.7 | Commercial (Millenium Power Orders; Cerner and MedChart; iSoft) | Exceptions allowed | Basic | Differences in differences | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders (R) |
Weant et al., 2007 [62]e | USA | 1 (489) | Public | Academic | Neurosurgical ICU | – | Not stated | Not stated | Moderated | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders, incident reporting |
Bates et al., 1999 [63] | USA | 1 (700) | Private | Academic | 2 medical wards and 1 ICU | 47.3 | Homegrown | Mandatory | Moderate | Pre/post | Medical record and order review plus other means |
Colpaert et al., 2006 [64] | Belgium | 1 (-) | – | Academic | 3 units within a surgical ICU | 98.0 | Commercial (Centricity Critical Care Clinisoft; GE Healthcare Europe) | Mandatory | Moderate | Comparison of similar units | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders (B) |
Mahoney et al., 2007 [65] | USA | 2 (247 and 719) | Private | Academic | Hospital-wide | – | Commercial (Siemens Medical Solutions CPOE; Siemens Medical Solutions Health Services Corp) | Exceptions allowed | Moderate | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders, with changes accepted by MD; incident reporting |
Oliven et al., 2005 [66] | Israel | 1 (450) | Public | Academic | Pulmonary service | 62.1 | Homegrown | Not stated | Moderate | Compare similar units | Medical record and order review |
Igboechi et al., 2003 [67]e | USA | 1 (350) | Private | Community | Hospital-wide | – | Commercial (Ulticare System Database; Per Se Technologies | Mandatory | Moderate | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders |
USA | 1 (658) | Private | Academic | ED | 99.8 (visits) | Homegrown (WizOrder, later commercial-ized as Horizon Expert Orders; McKesson) | Not stated | Advancedd | Pre/post | Routine pharmacist review of medication orders | |
Mendendez et al., 2012 [70] | Spain | 1 (200) | – | Academic | Hospital-wide | 5.0 | Commercial (Selene; Siemens) | Not stated | Advanced d | Pre/post | Trigger tool medical record review, incident reporting, and other means |