Study Year | Country | Study Characteristics | Outcomes | Sample size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal | Fetal | ||||
Althuizen 2012 | Netherlands | Ethnically diverse , no BMI restrictions, age n.r., GA at inclusion < 14 wks, glucose status n.r., other risk factors: n.r. | GWG, GDM, preterm delivery, CS | birth weight, macrosomia | 269 |
Barakat 2009 | Spain | Caucasian, BMI restrictions n.r., age 25–35 yrs, GA at inclusion n.r. (total at least 26 wks intervention), glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, preterm delivery | birth weight, LGA, SGA, AS, macrosomia (>4000g) | 142 |
Barakat 2011 | Spain | Spanish (white), BMI restrictions n.r., age 23–38 yrs, GA at inclusion 1st prenatal visit, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA CS, vaginal delivery | birth weight, AS | 80 |
Barakat 2013 | Spain | Caucasian, no BMI restrictions, age n.r., GA at inclusion <10 wks, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, GDM, PIH, preterm delivery | birth weight, AS | 765 |
Bogaerts 2012 | Belgium | Ethnically diverse , BMI ≥ 29 kg/m2, age n.r., GA at inclusion < 15 wks, nondiabetic, other risk factors: n.r | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, GDM, IOL, CS, vaginal delivery | birth weight, AS | 197 |
Cavalcante 2009 | Brazil | Race n.r., no morbid obesity, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion 16–20 wks, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, preterm delivery | birth weight | 71 |
Clapp 1997 | USA | Race n.r., no morbid obesity, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion 8 wks, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG | birth weight | 51 |
Clapp 2000 | USA | Race n.r., no morbid obesity, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion 8 wks, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA | birth weight | 12 |
Dodd 2014 | Australia | Race n.r., BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion <20 wks, nondiabetic, other risk factors: n.r. | PE, PIH, GDM, IOL, CS, Preterm delivery | LGA, macrosomia (>4000g), hypoglycaemia, shoulder dystocia, admission to NICU | 2,212 |
El Beltagy 2013 | Egypt | Race n.r., BMI: obese, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion: first antenatal visit, glucose status n.r., other risk factors: n.r. | GWG, GDM | birth weight, macrosomia | 100 |
Grant 2013 | Canada | Race : predominantly non-Caucasian, BMI restrictions n.r., age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion n.r., glucose status: impaired glucose tolerance or GDM, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG | birth weight, macrosomia | 47 |
Guelinckx 2010 | Belgium | Caucasian, BMI ≥ 29 kg/m2, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion <15 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, IOL, CS | birth weight, LGA | 85 |
Haakstad 2011 | Norway | Race n.r., BMI restrictions n.r., age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion <24 wks, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG | 105 | |
Hui 2006 | Canada | Ethnically diverse, BMI restrictions n.r., age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion <26 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, GDM | birth weight, LGA | 45 |
Hui 2011 | Canada | Race n.r., BMI restrictions n.r., age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion 20–26 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, GDM, CS | birth weight, LGA | 224 |
Jackson 2010 | USA | Ethnically diverse, BMI restrictions n.r., age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion <26 wks, glucose status n.r., other risk factors: n.r. | GWG | 321 | |
Jeffries 2009 | Australia | Race n.r., BMI restrictions none, age >18 - <45 yrs, GA at inclusion <14 wks, nondiabetic, other risk factors: n.r. | GWG, PE, PIH, GDM , preterm delivery, CS | birth weight, LGA, SGA, hypoglycaemia, shoulder dystocia | 236 |
Khaledan 2010 | Iran | Race n.r., BMI restrictions n.r., age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion 24–32 wks, no Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) with poor control, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, CS | birth weight | 39 |
Khoury 2005 | Norway | Caucasian, BMI 19–32 kg/m2. age 21–38 yrs, GA at inclusion 17–20 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, preterm delivery | birth weight, SGA, intra-uterine death | 290 |
Luoto 2011 | Finland | Race n.r., BMI >17 kg/m2, age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion 8–12 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, GDM | birth weight, LGA, SGA | 399 |
Nascimento 2011 | Brazil | Race n.r., BMI >26 kg/m2, age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion 14–24 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PIH, GDM, CS | birth weight, AS, LGA, SGA | 82 |
Ong 2009 | Australia | Race n.r., obese, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion 18 wks, nondiabetic, other risk factors: n.r. | GWG | 12 | |
Oostdam 2012 | Netherlands | Ethnically diverse, BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, age > 18 yrs, GA at inclusion <20 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM | birth weight | 124 |
Petrella 2013 | Italy | Ethnically diverse , BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, age > 18 yrs, GA at inclusion 12 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM, PIH, preterm delivery | 63 | |
Phelan 2011 | USA | Ethnically diverse, BMI ≥19.8-26.0 kg/m2, age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion 10–16 wks, glucose status n.r., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, GDM, preterm delivery, CS | birth weight, macrosomia, birth weight <2500g | 401 |
Poston 2013 | United Kingdom | Race: n.r., BMI ≥30 kg/m2, age restrictions n.r., GA at inclusion >15+0 weeks and <17+6, , nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GA, GWG, PE, GDM, mode of delivery | Birth weight, macrosomia, still birth | 183 |
Prevedel 2003 | Brazil | Race: n.r., BMI restrictions n.r., age restrictions n.r. (primiparous or adolescents), GA at inclusion 16–20 wks, glucose status n.a., no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, preterm delivery | birth weight, SGA | 41 |
Rauh 2013 | Germany | Race: n.r., BMI ≥18.5 kg/m2, age ≥18 yrs, GA at inclusion <18 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM, IOL, CS, preterm delivery | Birth weight LGA, SGA | 250 |
Renault 2013 | Denmark | Race: predominantly Caucasian, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion <16 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM, PIH,PE,IOL, CS, preterm delivery | Birth weight, SGA, LGA, Birth weight >4000g | 425 |
Sagedal 2014 | Norway | Race: n.r., BMI ≥19 kg/m2, age ≥18 yrs, GA at inclusion <20 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GDM, CS | LGA | 606 |
Stafne 2012 | Norway | White, no BMI restrictions, age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion 18–22 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GA, PE, PIH, GDM, CS | birth weight, AS, LGA, admission to NICU | 855 |
Vesco 2013 | USA | Race: n.r., BMI ≥30 kg/m2, age n.r., GA at inclusion <20 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, PE, PIH, GDM, CS, preterm delivery | birth weight, LGA, SGA, macrosomia (4000g) | 114 |
Vinter 2011 | Denmark | Caucasian, BMI 30–45 kg/m2, age 18–40 yrs, GA at inclusion 10–14 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, PIH, GDM, CS | LGA, admission to NICU | 360 |
Vitolo 2011 | Brasil | Race: n.r., BMI restrictions: none, age <35yrs, GA at inclusion 10–29 wks, nondiagetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG,PE, PIH, GDM, preterm birth | birth weight | 315 |
Walsh 2012 | Ireland | Race: n.r., BMI restrictions n.r., age >18 yrs, GA at inclusion < 18 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, GA, preterm delivery, IOL, CS | birth weight, macrosomia | 800 |
Wolff 2008 | Denmark | Caucasian, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, age >18 - <45 yrs, GA at inclusion <18 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG PE, PIH, GDM , CS | birth weight | 66 |
Yeo 2012 | USA | Ethnically diverse, BMI >19.8 kg/m2, no age restrictions, GA at inclusion 18 wks, nondiabetic, no known pre-existing health problems | GWG, PE, PIH | birth weight | 17 |