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Critical interpretive synthesis [62]
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To build a theory from the synthesis of a diverse body of evidence.
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Adapted the strategies of meta-ethnography (reciprocal translational analysis, lines-of-argument synthesis, and refutational syntheses) for qualitative and quantitative evidence.
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Framework synthesis [63]
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To produce a new framework based on a priori and new themes.
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Consists of analyzing data using an a priori framework, creating new themes by performing thematic synthesis, and producing a new framework.
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Grouping and clustering [44]
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To describe included studies.
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Summarizes and organizes included studies into groups (categories).
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Meta-ethnography [64]
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To build a theory from the synthesis of qualitative studies.
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Uses three main strategies: translating the concepts from studies into one another (reciprocal translational analysis), exploring and explaining contradictions between studies (refutational synthesis), and linking constructs and building a picture of the whole from studies (lines-of-argument synthesis).
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Meta-narrative synthesis [65]
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To make sense of complex and conflicting findings by unfolding the storyline of research traditions.
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Maps research traditions and consider how they have been conceptualized, theorized, and empirically studied over time.
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Meta-synthesis [66]
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To understand a phenomenon of interest across qualitative studies.
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Uses hermeneutic (portraying individual constructions) and dialectic (comparing and contrasting the constructions) approaches.
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Narrative synthesis [44]
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To summarize and explain the findings of included studies.
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Adopts a textual approach to the process of synthesis and follows four elements: develop a theory of how the intervention works, why, and for whom; develop a preliminary synthesis; explore relationships within and between studies; and assess the robustness of the synthesis.
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Qualitative content analysis [29]
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To understand a phenomenon of interest by focusing on the manifest (patent) content or contextual meaning of text.
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Uses an analytical coding process to organize content of textual data into fewer content categories.
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Realist synthesis [67, 68]
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To unpack how interventions work in particular contexts through theoretical explanation (middle-range theory).
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Uses theory-driven context-mechanism-outcome configurations, demi-regularities, and abduction (hunches).
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Textual description [44]
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To describe included studies.
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Provides a descriptive paragraph of each study.
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Textual narrative synthesis [69]
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To describe included studies.
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Arranges studies into homogeneous groups and compares similarities and differences across studies.
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Thematic synthesis [70]
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To identify and develop themes across included studies.
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Uses line-by-line coding, develops descriptive themes, and generates analytical themes. This might lead to propose a conceptual framework.
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