Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Included studies | Location | Age (years) Mean (SD) | BMI (kg/m2) Mean (SD) | Men (n) | Women (n) | Methods | Participants | Intervention | Attrition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ash et al., 2006 [32] | Brisbane, Australia | 48 (13) | 34 (5.5) | 47 | 129 | Randomisation: number table. Allocation concealment unclear. Weekly follow- up for 8 weeks, monthly for 6 months, final 12 month follow-up. | Inclusions: BMI > 27 Exclusions: Co-morbidities, non-English speakers, Cognitively impaired. | HNWL (Fat Booters Incorporated (FBI)): n = 57 CWL (individualised Dietetic Treatment (IDT)) : n = 65 Control group (Information Booklet only (BO): n = 54 Delivered by dietitians and nutrition experts | ITT analysis use of generalised estimating equations. Attrition(at 12 months): FBI: 54% CWL : 32% BO: 63% |
Bacon et al., 2005 (Bacon et al., 2002)[25] | California, USA | 40.7 | 36.3 | 0 | 78 | Randomisation: stratified by BMI, eating behaviour and physical activity level. Allocation concealment not recorded. 12, 24, 42 and 104 weeks follow-up. | Inclusions: Dietary restraint>15 BMI > 30 Age 35-40 Exclusions: Co-morbidities Smokers Not Caucasian | HNWL (HAES): n = 39 Delivered by counsellors and those with doctorates CWL (LEARN): n = 39 Delivered by dietitians | No ITT analysis Attrition (at 24 months): HAES: 8% LEARN: 42% |
Philadelphia, USA, | 44.2 | 35.9 | 0 | 123 | Randomisation and allocation concealment unclear. Weekly group session for 20 weeks, biweekly weeks 20-40. Week 65 follow-up | Inclusion: BMI 30-43 kg/m2 Exclusion: Co-morbidities lost > 5 kg or used weight loss medications in past 6 months | HNWL (non-dieting approach (ND)): n = 39 CWL (balanced-deficit diet (BDD)) : n = 43 MR (meal replacement plan): n = 41 Delivered by qualified clinical psychologist and registered dietitian | ITT analysis, last observation carried forward with assumed weight gain and sensitivity analysis Attrition (at week 65): ND: 74% BDD: 60% MR: 68% | |
|  | 40 | 33 | 0 | 219 | Randomisation and allocation concealment unclear. 24 weeks of weekly treatment followed by 26 biweekly meetings for 12 months | Inclusion: Female Age 25–50 14 to 41kgs overweight Exclusions: Registered with a weight loss programme Co-morbidities Smoker | HNWL (Non-diet treatment (NDT)): n = 78 CWL (dieting treatment (DT)): n = 79 Waitlist control (WLC): n = 62 Delivered by instructors, a registered dietitian and a qualified psychotherapist specialised in eating disorders. | ITT analysis was carried out with baseline values carried forward and sensitivity analysis Attrition (at 18 months): NDT: 21% DT: 18% WLC: 6 % (6 months) | |
Mensinger et al., 2009 [37] (Mensinger, Calogero, and Tylka, 2016) [38] | Pennsylvania, USA | 39.6 | 38 | 0 | 80 | Computer generated randomisation. Allocation concealment using sealed opaque envelopes labelled with the sequential randomisation numbers. 6 and 24 month follow-up | Inclusion: Women aged 30–45 BMI 30–45 Physically inactive Pre-menopausal Exclusion: current smokers, did not speak fluent English Co-morbidities | HNWL (HUGS) n = 40 CWL (LEARN) n = 40 Delivered by trained group facilitator | ITT with SPSS MIXED and restricted maximum likelihood Attrition (24 months): (HUGS): 53% (LEARN): 48% |
Rapoport, Clark and Wardle, 2000 [23] | London, UK | 47.5 | 35.3 | 0 | 84 | Randomisation and allocation concealment unclear. 10 sessions. 6 and 12 month follow-up. | Inclusion: age18–65 BMI > 28 approved by their GP for treatment Exclusion: involved with any other weight management programme Co-morbidities | HNWL (Modified cognitive-behavioural treatment) n = 37 CWL (cognitive behavioural treatment) n = 38 Delivered by Clinical psychologist, exercise specialist, dietitian, health psychologist trained in CBT methods. | No ITT analysis was reported Attrition (at 12 months f-up): Modified cognitive-behavioural treatment: 16% Cognitive behavioural treatment: 16% |
Sbrocco et al., 1999 [39] | Maryland, USA | 41.3 | 32.6 | 0 | 24 | Randomisation and allocation concealment unclear. 13 weekly sessions post treatment 3, 6 and 12 months follow up | Inclusion: Healthy (GP verified) Exclusion: Lost >4.5 kg in previous month or > 9 kg previous 6 month Smoker | HNWL (behavioural choice treatment (BCT)): n = 12 CWL (Traditional Behaviour Treatment (TBT)) : n = 12 Delivered by : Clinical social worker/psychologist, or a psychology graduate | No ITT analysis Attrition(at 12 months f-up): BCT: 8% TBT: 0% |
Tanco, Linden and Earle, 1999 [40] | Vancouver, Canada, British Columbia | Age > 19 | 39.6 | 0 | 62 | Randomisation and allocation concealment unclear 12 weeks treatment with 6 months follow up | Inclusion: women > 19 BMI > 30 kg/ m2 3 weight cycles over at least 10 years Exclusion: Co-morbidity which would disallow increased physical activity. | HNWL (Cognitive treatment (CT)): n = 21 CWL (Standard behavioural weight management program (BT)): n = 21 Wait-list control group: n = 20 Delivered by psychology graduates | No ITT analysis Attrition (at 6 month f-up): CT: 57% BT: 43% Wait-list control group: 60% |