Is it clear in the study what is the cause’ and what is the “effect” (i.e., there is no confusion about which variable comes first)? | Were the participants included in any comparisons similar? | Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest? | Was there a control group? | Were there multiple measurements of the outcome both pre- and post-intervention/exposure? | Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analysed? | Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Author quality rank | |
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Dimer et al. | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Moderate |