Table 1 The study characteristics of the included studies, 2022
Author/year/country | Age (years), sample size | Method/design | Eligibility criteria | Theory/framework | Assessment tools | Type of intervention and setting | Frequency and duration (total sessions) | Main outcomes | Limitations | Recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Ha and Park, 2020 [37]), South Korea | ≥ 65, n = 40 | Quasi-experimental pretest–posttest | Pre-frail and registered with a seniors’ centre | Frailty model | CHS-FI, ESSI, GAS, GDSSF-K, K-CHAMPS, MNA, SPPB | A group intervention and individual goal setting compared to the control group at the community senior centre | 2 sessions per week × 12 weeks (Total 24 sessions) | Statistically significant improvements in CHS-FI, GS, physical function and activity, nutritional status, and depression No significant findings: ESSI | Single site, short-term follow-ups, not mixed method | Long-term follow-up studies and additional statistical analyses needed |
(Markle-Reid, Browne and Gafni, 2011 [38]), Canada | ≥ 65, n = 210 | Single-blinded RCT Three trials: Trail II: 109 Trial III: 101 | Competent to give informed consent and competent in English (or with an interpreter) | An adapted version of the model of vulnerability | CES-DS, CQ, FSR, Kessler-10, HSSUI SF-36, MFES, REEN-II, RNLI, POMA, PRQ-85, SIS-16, SMMSE, SPMSQ, | Nurse-led HPDP interventions in in-home settings compared to usual home care | 1 session per month × 6 to 12 monthsa (Total 6 to 12 sessions) | Statistically significant improvements in HRQOL | Low response rate | More studies needed to evaluate the effectiveness of additional nurse-led HPDP interventions in other contexts and settings |
(Markle-Reid et al. 2006 [39]), Canada | ≥ 75, n = 288 | Two-armed, single-blind RCT (Trial I: 288) | Existing and newly referred for personal support services through CCAC | An adapted version of the model of vulnerability | CES-DS, CQ, HSSUI, MOS (SF-36), PRQ-85, SPMSQ, | Proactive Nursing HPDP Interventions in in-home settings compared to usual home care | 1 session per month × 6 months (Total 6 sessions | Statistically significant improvements: mental health functioning, depression, and perceptions in social support | The study undertaken in a well-developed urban region. The results may not be transferable to recipients of home care services living in rural areas or other environments | Home-based nursing health promotion proactively provided should be expanded to enhance the quality of life of frail older people |
(Marcus-Varwijk et al. 2020 [36]), Netherlands | ≥ 60, n = 1387 | Quasi-experimental | Frailty, overweight, or smoking | The active ageing model, The life course perspective and Transtheoretical model | BMI, BP, GFI, FF, IM-E-SA, SrHS, WC, | Health promotion to the intervention group compared to the care-as-usual group in-home care settings | 20 to 30 min per month × 12 months (Total 12 sessions) | There is no significant improvement in the GFI measure and other health related behaviour Self-reported health status in the intervention group was found good (not significant) | Control group was compiled after start of the study Reasons for loss to follow-up not mentioned Study participants were not blinded | Further research recommended to understand and evaluate nurse-led health promotion and preventive interventions targeting frail older people using diverse research designs |
(Song and Boo, 2022 [1]), South Korea | ≥ 65, n = 126 | Quasi-experimental | Ageing, living alone, and prefrail or frail | The Multidimensional concept of frailty | FI, MOSSSS, SAS, TUG | Physical exercise, cognitive training, and nutrition and disease management Education compared to the control group at community senior centre | 1 time per week × 12 weeks (Total 12 sessions) | Statistically significant improvements: frailty index, depression, and increased social support and social activity | Non-equivalent control group. Intervention duration and intensity may not have been sufficient to modify physical function | Strategies for disseminating sustainable nurse-led multicomponent interventions should be developed for community-dwelling older people living alone |
(Ng et al. 2015 [40]), Singapore | ≥ 65, n = 246 | Parallel group RCT | Ageing, able to ambulate without personal assistance and living at home | NES | ADL, BMI, CHS, GDS, IADL, MMSE | Nutritional supplementation, cognitive training Physical training, combination treatment and usual care to the control group at community senior centre | 2 times per week × 12 weeksb (Total 24 sessions) | Statistically improvements in frailty score There were no major differences in self-reported hospitalisations, falls, and dependency in activities of daily living | Sample characteristics of Chinese older adults relatively younger age, good physical and cognitive functioning was noted | Identify prefrail and frail older people in the community and intervene effectively to reduce levels of frailty |