Table 5 GRADE certainty of SRs and meta-analyses by main outcomes and measurements
Outcome | Estimate of effect [95% CI] | I2 | No. of participants (studies) | Total score | Reason1 | GRADE certainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global cognition | ||||||
Tai Chi vs (health talk, muscle-stretching and toning exercise, usual lifestyle, usual care, health education) | SMD 0.4 [− 0.13, 0.93] | 88% | 574 (5) | − 4 | a, h, d | Very low ⨁◯◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs (stretching and toning exercise, related health education, usual daily activities) | MD 1.98 (1.32, 2.65) | 74% | 780 (8) | − 1 | a | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Tai Chi vs (playing cards or singing, stretching and toning exercise, Escitalopram plus health education, education) | SMD 0.40 (0.08, 0.73) | 79% | 858 (5) | − 3 | a, h | Very low ⨁◯◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs stretching and toning exercise | SMD 0.38 (0.22, 0.55) | 0% | 590 (2) | − 1 | a | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Tai Chi vs (cognitive behaviour therapy, usual care, stretching, health education, recreational activities) | MD 0.29 (− 0.16, 0.74) | 0% | 785 (5) | − 1 | d | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Tai Chi vs stretching and toning exercise | SMD 0.44 (0.24, 0.64) | 27% | 590 (2) | − 1 | a | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Memory | ||||||
Tai Chi vs (health talk, muscle-stretching and toning exercise, health education) | SMD 0.40 (− 0.10, 0.90) | 75% | 379 (3) | − 3 | a, b, d | Very low ⨁◯◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs (educational class, unaltered lifestyle, memory training) | SMD 0.77 (0.45, 1.09) | 23.8% | 226 (4) | − 2 | f | Low ⨁⨁◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs (stretching, daily activity, health education) | MD 0.37 (0.13, 0.61) | 7% | 726 (4) | 0 | High ⨁⨁⨁⨁ | |
Attention | ||||||
Tai Chi vs (maintain usual daily physical activities, stretching and toning exercise) | SMD 0.57 (− 0.25, 1.40) | 74% | 287 (2) | − 2 | a, d | Low ⨁⨁◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs (maintain usual daily physical activities, stretching and toning exercise) | SMD 0.03 (− 0.22, 0.27) | 0% | 287 (2) | − 2 | a, d | Low ⨁⨁◯◯ |
Executive function | ||||||
Tai Chi vs (muscle-stretching and toning exercise, Health education) | SMD 0.10 (− 0.16, 0.35) | 13% | 327 (2) | − 2 | a, d | Low ⨁⨁◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs (maintain usual daily physical activities, stretching and toning exercise) | SMD 0.79 (− 1.08, 0.51) | 0% | 209 (3) | − 2 | a, d | Low ⨁⨁◯◯ |
Tai Chi vs (stretching, daily activity, health education) | MD 0.03 (− 0.16, 0.22) | 0% | 726 (4) | − 1 | d | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Verbal fluency | ||||||
Tai Chi vs stretching | MD 0.47 (− 0.76, 1.70) | 0% | 231 (2) | − 1 | d | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Visual span | ||||||
Tai Chi vs (stretching, health education, daily activity) | SMD 0.57 (0.23, 0.91) | 75% | 726 (4) | − 1 | b | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||
Tai Chi vs (stretching, cognitive behaviour therapy, usual care) | SMD 0 (− 0.14, 0.15) | 0% | 730 (4) | − 1 | d | Moderate ⨁⨁⨁◯ |