Table 8 Clinical evidence summary for main outcomes of RCTs
Study ID | Intervention vs control (no. of participants) | Outcome/instrument(s) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Lam et al. (2012) [25] | TC (n = 92) vs muscle-stretching and toning exercises (n = 169) | 1) Progression to dementia: DSM-IV criteria | .06/.04* |
2) Depressive symptoms: The Cornell Scale for Depression (CSDD) | .17/.02* | ||
3) Changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms: The Chinese Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) | .41/.14* | ||
4) Balance: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) | .05/.02* | ||
Okuyan and Deveci (2020) [26] | TC (n = 20) vs not subjected to any physical practice (n = 22) | 1) Risk of falling in people with MCI: TAT includes: | |
- Tinetti balance assessment | 0.000 | ||
- Tinetti gait assessment | 0.000 | ||
2) Status of physical activity in people with MCI: PASE | 0.000 | ||
3) Fear of movement: TSK with 17 items | 0.000 | ||
4) Behaviours related to falls in people with MCI: The FaB scale | 0.000 | ||
Sungkarat et al. (2017) [27] | TC (n = 33) vs educational material covering information related to cognitive impairment and fall prevention (n = 33) | 1) Executive function was assessed using: | |
- Digit Span forward | 0.43 | ||
- Digit Span backward | 0.43 | ||
- Block design score | 0.01 | ||
2) Composite fall-risk and component scores: Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) comprises a series of 5 sensorimotor assessments: | 0.015 | ||
- Edge contrast sensitivity | 0.21 | ||
- Lower limb proprioception | 0.002 | ||
- Knee extension strength | 0.008 | ||
- Hand reaction time | 0.04 | ||
- Postural sway | 0.009 | ||
Sungkarat et al. (2018) [28] | TC (n = 29) vs educational material covering information related to cognitive impairment and fall prevention (n = 27) | 1) Memory: Logical Memory (LM) delayed recall | 0.01 |
2) Visuospatial ability: Block Design Test | 0.06 | ||
3) Secondary outcomes: | |||
- Plasma BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) | 0.04 | ||
- TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) | 0.50 | ||
- IL-10 levels (interleukin-10) | 0.29 | ||
Tsai et al. (2013) [29] | TC (n = 28) vs health education, culture-related activities, and other social activities (e.g. sharing travel experiences, hobbies, and collections) (n = 27) | 1) WOMAC was used to measure: | |
- subjective pain | 0.006 | ||
- physical functioning | 0.021 | ||
- stiffness | 0.010 | ||
2) A modified Get Up and Go (GUG) test | 0.126 | ||
3) Sit-to-Stand (STS) test | 0.728 | ||
Tsai et al. (2015) [30] | TC (n = 28) vs attention control education group (instructor-led educational activities) (n = 27) | 1) The verbal descriptive scale (VDS) | 0.032 |
2) Observation of pain behaviour | 0.522 | ||
3) Analgesic intake | 0.062 | ||