Table 2 Study characteristics
Study | Knee OA diagnosis, KL | Treatment arms (Treatment category) | Duration (Assessment time point) | Participants Mean Age (SD) Mean BMI (SD) | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abolhasani et al., 2019 [47] | ACR KL: II to III | G1: Kinesiotape (Non-pharmacological) | 3 days (3 days) | n = 14 57.5 (6.7); 28.4 (5.3) | Knee flexion- Standard goniometry Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity |
G2: Sham-kinesiotape (Non-pharmacological) | n = 13 57.2 (8.8); 27.6(4.8) | ||||
Alfredo et al., 2012 [48] | ACR II to IV | G1: Laser therapy with exercises (Non-pharmacological) | 3 weeks (3 weeks) | n = 20 61.2 (7.5); 30.2 (4.1) | Knee flexion- Universal goniometer Pain (VAS)-Pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Placebo laser therapy with exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 22 62.3 (6.9); 29.2 (5) | ||||
Alfredo et al., 2020 [49] | ACR II to IV | G1: Continuous ultrasound therapy at the 1st month + exercises at the 2nd month (Non-pharmacological) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 20 64.4 (6.2); 31 (3.4) | Knee flexion- Universal goniometer Pain (VAS)- ADL, rest WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Pulsed ultrasound therapy at the 1st month+ exercises at the 2nd month (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 63.9 (4.5); 27.8 (3.7) | ||||
G3: Continuous ultrasound therapy at the 1st month + Continuous ultrasound therapy with exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 65.8 (6); 26.5 (6.6) | ||||
G4: Pulsed ultrasound therapy at the 1st month + Pulsed ultrasound therapy with exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 66.7 (6.6); 27.9 (4.2) | ||||
G5: Exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 62.7 (8.5); 31.1 (3.2) | ||||
Alkhawajah & Alshami, 2019 [25] | ACR II to IV | G1: Mobilisation with movement (Non-pharmacological) | 1 session (immediately) | n = 20 56.5 (7.6); 32.6 (7.8) | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Current pain intensity WOMAC- Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Sham Mobilisation with movement, active passive movement 10 times, 3 sets (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 56.6 (8.5); 33.3 (6.1) | ||||
Altınbilek et al., 2018 [50] | ACR II to III | G1: Osteopathic manipulative treatment (Non-pharmacological) | 2 Weeks (2 Weeks) | n = 44 53.9 (8.2) 32.3 (5.2) | Knee flexion- Standard goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Exercise group (Non-pharmacological) | n = 41 55.6 (8.8); 30.9 (5.9) | ||||
Alpay and Sahin 2022 [51] | Radiographic II to III | G1: Basic body awareness therapy+ Home exercise program (Non-pharmacological) | 6 Weeks (6 Weeks) | n = 20 53.7 (5.7), 31.8 (4.9) | Knee flexion- Standard goniometer Pain (VAS)-Pain intensity WOMAC-total |
G2: Home exercise program (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 56.3 (6.3), 32.1 (5.9) | ||||
Arslan and Kul, 2022 [52] | ACR II to III | G1: Shockwave treatment (Non-pharmacological) | 3 Weeks (10 days) | n = 26 57.4 (8.3); 34.1 (5.0) | Knee flexion- Standard goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Conventional physical therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 26 57.4 (8.3); 34.1 (5.0) | ||||
Ashraff et al., 2022a [53] | Radiographic (0 to IV) | G1: Low level laser therapy combined with conventional exercises | 3 weeks (3 weeks) | n = 22 52.8 (3.0); 29.3 (1.4) | Knee flexion- Goniometer WOMAC-total Pain (NPRS)- Pain |
G2: Conventional exercises only. | n = 22 53.0 (3.3); 29.5 (1.6) | ||||
Askari et al., 2019 [54] | ACR I to III | G1: Sesame oil massage therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 47 57.5 (12.5); 28.7 (3.8) | Knee flexion- Standard goniometer Pain (VAS)- joint pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Diclofenac sodium gel therapy (Pharmacological) | n = 47 57.5 (9.1); 27.8 (4.5) | ||||
Assar et al., 2020 [55] | ACR II to IV | G1: Total resistance exercises (Non-pharmacological) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 12 55.9 (8.6); 29.8 (7.2) | Knee flexion- Bubble inclinometer device Pain (VAS)- Pain at daily activities WOMAC- Stiffness |
G2: Aquatic exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 12 57.5 (6.9); 28.5 (3.7) | ||||
G3: Control group: rheumatologic advice only (No treatment) | n = 12 63.8 (7.5); 23.1 (11.6) | ||||
Aydoğdu et al., 2017 [56] | ACR II to III | G1: Kinesiotape + UST + TENS + Electrotherapy + Cold pack therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 3 weeks (3 weeks) | n = 28 52.5 (9.7); 31.2 (5.1) | Knee flexion- Universal goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain level KOOS- Symptoms, Pain, ADL, Sports and recreation, QOL |
G2: Control group: UST + TENS + Electrotherapy + Cold pack therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 26, 51.2 (8.9); 31.5 (5.7) | ||||
Babaskin et al., 2019 [57] | ACR I to II | G1: Phyto complex electrophoresis + drug therapy (Mixed) | 10 days (10 days) | n = 36 NR, NR | Knee flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Amplipulse therapy + drug therapy (Mixed) | n = 36 NR, NR | ||||
G3: Drug therapy: Slow Acting Drugs for Osteoarthritis (Pharmacological) | n = 36 NR, NR | ||||
Benedetti et al., 2017 [58] | ACR NR | G1: Local Muscle Vibration therapy (non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 15 61.8 (5.8); 26.1 (2.9) | Knee flexion- Instrument- NR Pain (VAS)-Pain WOMAC-Total |
G2: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (Non-pharmacological) | n = 15 55.7 (9.1); 26 (2.8) | ||||
Bhore and Shindea, 2023 [59] | Radiographic I to II | G1: Multi‐Component Exercise Program (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 60 NR; NR | Knee flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Total |
G2: Conventional Group (electrotherapy modalities like the hot moist pack, interferential therapy, ultrasonic therapy, active ROM exercises and progressive resistance exercises). (Non-pharmacological) | n = 60 NR; NR | ||||
Peréz Busquier et al., 1997 [60] | WHO NR | G1: Aceclofenac tablets (Pharmacological) | 2 months (2 months) | n = 123 59.3 (8.9); nr | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)-Pain |
G2: Piroxicam tablets (Pharmacological) | n = 117 59.7 (7.4); nr | ||||
Coleman et al., 2012 [61] | Clinical NR | G1: Knee self-management program (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 71 65 (7.9); nr | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)-Pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total SF36-Physical function, Role physical, Body pain, General health, Vitality, Social function, Role emotional, Mental health Pain (NPRS)- Pain |
G2: Control group: waiting period (No treatment) | n = 75 65 (8.7); nr | ||||
Costa et al., 2020 [62] | Radiographic I to III | G1: UCII (Undenatured Oral type II Collagen) and physiotherapy (Mixed) | 1 month (1 month) | n = 20 55.5 (8.8); 30.2 (4.9) | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain WOMAC- Total |
G2: Placebo UCII and physiotherapy (Mixed) | n = 20 57.4 (11.4); 30.3 (5.7) | ||||
G3: Physiotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 59.6 (8.2); 30.4 (5.8) | ||||
Deniz et al., 2009 [63] | ACR II to IV | G1: Continuous diclofenac gel phonophoresis (Mixed) | 10 days (10 days) | n = 20 56.4 (6.5); 31.2 (4.5) | Knee flexion- Instrument- NR Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, in activity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Pulsed diclofenac gel phonophoresis (Mixed) | n = 20 57.1 (6.6); 30.1 (4.3) | ||||
G3: Diclofenac gel sham phonophoresis (Mixed) | n = 20 54.5 (6.8); 30.6 (4.1) | ||||
G4: Acoustic gel sham phonophoresis (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 56.3 (6.7); 29.1 (3.8) | ||||
Dogan et al; 2022 [64] | ACR >II | G1: Kinesio taping (Non-pharmacological) | 7 weeks (7 weeks) | n = 27 56.9 (6.9); 32.8 (5.8) | Knee flexion- Instrument- NR Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, in activity |
G2: Sham kinesio taping (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 55.7 (6.9); 30.8 (5.4) | ||||
Donec & Kubilius, 2020a [65] | Radiographic I to III | G1: Kinesiotaping (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 81 (123 knees 68.7 (9.9); 30.5 (5.3) | Knee flexion- Goniometer KOOS- Symptoms, Pain, ADL, Sports and recreation, QOL |
G2: Non-specific kinesiotaping (Non-pharmacological) | n = 76 (114 knees) 70.6 (8.3); 30.7 (5.2) | ||||
Draper et al., 2018 [66] | Radiographic I to II | G1: Low intensity long duration ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 51 53.6 (8.9); 34.9 (8.9) | Knee flexion- Inclinometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total Pain (NPRS)- Pain |
G2: Placebo ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 31 51 (9); 34.5 (8.3) | ||||
Dwyer et al., 2015 [67] | ACR 0-III | G1: Mobilisation with movement (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 26 63.5 (10.9); 28.6 (5.2) | Knee flexion- Digital Inclinometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Rehabilitation program (Non-pharmacological) | n = 26 60.9 (10.3); 30.8 (6.4) | ||||
G3: Mobilisation with movement plus rehabilitation (Non-pharmacological) | n = 26 62.2 (11.8); 30.6 (7.6) | ||||
Eftekharsadat et al., 2020 [68] | ACR II to III | G1: Shock wave therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 3 weeks (3 weeks) | n = 25 58 (6); NR | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity at rest WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Physiotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 25 55.8 (6.1); NR | ||||
G3: Exercise therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 25 58.2 (7.2); NR | ||||
Elgendy et al., 2020 [69] | Clinical and raiographic II to III | G1: Shock wave therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 15 48.7 (8.6); 31.3 (2.3) | Knee flexion- Laser Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Total |
G2: Platelet rich plasma injection (Pharmacological) | n = 15 49.2 (9.2); 31.5 (2.0) | ||||
G3: Conventional physiotherapy (Stretching and strengthening+UST+hot pack) (Non-pharmacological) | n = 15 55.1 (6.7); 30.8 (2.5) | ||||
ElGendy et al., 2022 [70] | Radiographic II to III | G1: Rectus femoris stretching exercises together with stretching exercises of the calf, hamstring and iliotibial band, strength exercises for the quadriceps, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus and calf muscles (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 30 53.6 (6.0); 32.1 (0.8) | Knee flexion- Universal goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Total |
G2: Exercises mentioned for G1 except rectus femoris stretching. (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 53.1 (5.9); 32.1 (0.7) | ||||
Fakhari et al., 2021 [71] | Radiographic II to III | G1: Ozone intraarticular injection (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 30, 57.7 (9.4); NR | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain WOMAC- Total |
G2: Low level lazer therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 53.3 (9.4); NR | ||||
Sousa Filho et al., 2017 [72] | Clinically NR | G1: Ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 5 weeks (5 weeks) | n = 30, 61.8 (12.5); 29 (2.4) | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity |
G2: Ultrasound and capaiba oil massage (Mixed) | n = 30 61.1 (8.2); 29.4 (7.2) | ||||
G3: Capaiba oil massage (Pharmacological) | n = 30 61.4 (9.9); 34.5 (6.2) | ||||
Fish et al., 2008 [73] | Clinically and radiographic NR | G1: Capasaicin massage (Pharmacological) | 3 weeks (3 weeks) | n = 20 62 (SD); NR | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (NPRS)- Pain WOMAC-Total |
G2: Maitland mobilisation (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 60 (SD); NR | ||||
G3: Maitland mobilisation with capasaicin massage (Mixed) | n = 20 62 (SD); NR | ||||
Forogh et al., 2016 [74] | ACR II to III | G1: Intraarticular platelet rich plasma (Pharmacological) | 1 session (2 months) | n = 24 59.1 (7.0); 28.9 (2.8) | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity KOOS- Pain, Symptoms, ADL, QOL, Sports |
G2: Intraarticular corticosteroid (Pharmacological) | n = 24 61.1 (6.7); 29.2 (3.4) | ||||
Fung, 2021 [75] | Arden and Nevitt NR | G1: Passive mobilisation with movement with a machine (PANDA) (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 34 75.1 (8); 22 (2) | Knee flexion- Electronic Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Control group: Sham PANDA and exercise (Non-pharmacological) | n = 34 76.1 (7.5); 22.5 (2.2) | ||||
Gungen et al., 2012 [76] | ACR III to IV | G1: Hot pack therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 21 61.9 (6.7); 27.6 (2.4) | Knee flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, at night, activity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Mud pack therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 23 65 (7.1); 28 (2.8) | ||||
Gur et al., 2003 [77] | ACR II to IV | G1: Acute laser therapy: 5 minutes/3J+exercises (Non-pharmacological) | 14 weeks (12 weeks) | n = 30 58.6 (5.9); 31.2 (3.8) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, at movement, at flexion WOMAC- Total |
G2: Acute laser therapy: 3 minutes/2J+exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 59.8 (8.0); 28.5 (3.0) | ||||
G3: Placebo laser therapy+exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 60.5 (6.9); 30.3 (3.1) | ||||
Gurudut & Jaiswal, 2022a [78] | Radiographic III to IV | G1: Progressive muscle relaxation (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 5 55.8 (6.3); 33.3 (4.9) | Flexion- Universal goniometer WOMAC- Total |
G2: Yoga graded motor imagery (Non-pharmacological) | n = 6 45.8 (8.4); 37.7 (6.3) | ||||
Hewlings et al., 2019 [79] | ACR NR | G1: Hydroselate dietary supplement (Pharmacological) | 12 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 44 NR; NR | Standard goniometer (JAMA) WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Placebo group: same excipients but without the active study product (Pharmacological) | n = 44 NR; NR | ||||
Ho et al., 2021 [80] | radiographic IV | G1: Thermal gun (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 38 68 (6.2); NR | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Heat pack treatment (Non-pharmacological) | n = 38 66.6 (7.4); NR | ||||
Kaya Mutlu et al., 2017 [81] | ACR II to IV | G1: Kinesiotaping (Non-pharmacological) | 3 sessions (3sessions) | n = 20 54.3 (6); 30.7 (3.8) | Flexion- Digital goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity-at rest, activity, night WOMAC- Total |
G2: Placebo kinesiotaping (Non-pharmacological) | n = 19 57.1 (6.3); 31.3 (6.2) | ||||
Kaya Mutlu et al., 2018 [24] | ACR II to III | G1: Mobilisation with movement (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 21 54.2 (7.3); 30.8 (5.0) | Flexion- Digital goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity-at rest, activity, night WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Passive joint mobilisation (Non-pharmacological) | n = 21 56.3 (6.6); 30.7 (4.3) | ||||
G3: Electrotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 22 57.8 6.2); 32.6 (5.7) | ||||
Khademi-Kalantari et al., 2014 [82] | Clinical and radiographic III to IV | G1: Physiotherapy + knee distraction (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 20 61.2 (8.6); 32.3 (5.6) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain KOOS- Pain, Symptoms, Activity, Sports and recreation, QOL |
G2: Physiotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 61.3 (6.8); 30.8 (6.1) | ||||
Kus et al., 2023 [83] | ACR II to III | G1: Sensory-motor training (Non-pharmacological) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 24 58.5 (7.1); 30.5 (3.9) | Flexion- Digital goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain-rest, activity, night WOMAC- Total |
G2: Resistance training (Non-pharmacological) | n = 24 60.0 (6.1); 29.6 (3.8) | ||||
Lizis et al., 2017 [84] | ACR NR | G1: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 5 weeks (5 weeks) | n = 20 63.5 (8); 24.9 (1.9) | Flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Kinesiotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 65.0 (8.4); 24.1 (1.5) | ||||
Lizis et al., 2019 [85] | ACR NR | G1: Manual therapy with cryotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | 5 weeks (5 weeks) | n = 64 62.3 (9.7); 24.2 (1.8) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Current level- pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Kinesiotherapy with cryotherapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 64 62 (11.4); 23.6 (1.7) | ||||
Lun et al., 2015 [86] | Clinical and radiographic NR | G1: Hip strengthening exercises (Non-pharmacological) | 12 weeks (12 weeks) | n = 37 63.4 (9.6); 29.3 (4.2) | Flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness KOOS- Pain, Symptoms, ADL, QOL, Sports recreation |
G2: Leg strengthening exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 34 61.38 (7.7); 30.8 (6.3) | ||||
Ma et al., 2023 [87] | Radiographic (II to IV) | G1: Dry needling latent and active myofascial trigger point with the stretching group (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 42 74.6 (6.4); 26.1 (3.4) | Flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness Pain (NPRS)-Pain severity |
G2: Oral diclofenac with the stretching group (Mixed) | n = 35 75.4 (5.8); 24.5 (3.3) | ||||
Mendes et al., 2019 [88] | ACR II to III | G1: Botulinum toxin intraarticular injection (Pharmacological) | 1 session (4 weeks) | n = 35 62.5 (6.8); 30.4 (4.8) | Flexion- Instrument- NR VAS(Pain)- Rest, activity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Triaminolone hexacetonide intraarticular injection (Pharmacological) | n = 35 65.5 (6.9); 32.7 (5.5) | ||||
G3: Saline solution intraarticuar injection (Pharmacological) | n = 35 64.6 (6.7); 30.5 (5.3) | ||||
Moezy et al., 2021 [89] | ACR II to III | G1: Exercise to activate vastus medialis (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 33 55.5 (4.3); 26.8 (2.3) | Flexion- Goniometer VAS(Pain)- Pain severity |
G2: Conventional exercise (Strengthening, stretching non-specific) (Non-pharmacological) | n = 32 56.6 (6.3); 25.8 (2.2) | ||||
Mohamed and Alatawi, 2022 [90] | Clinical and radiographic NR | G1: Kinesio taping plus conventional physical therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 20 60.6 (9.4); 26.7 (2.9) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (NPRS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Conventional physical therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 63.4 (8.0); 27.7 (2.4) | ||||
Nam et al., 2014a [91] | Clinical III to IV | G1: Exercise on unstable surface (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 15 64.9 (6.8); NR | Flexion- Standard goniometer WOMAC- Total |
G2: Exercise on stable surface (Non-pharmacological) | n = 15 63.7 (5.6); NR | ||||
Nazari et al., 2019 [92] | ACR II to III | G1: High intensity laser therapy combination with exercises (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 30 61.5 (3.9); 27.7 (1.4) | Flexion- Instrument- NR Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Conventional physiotherapy (TENS+UST) in combination with exercise (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 62.4 (3.1); 27.2 (1.6) | ||||
G3: Exercise alone (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 62.2 (3.9); 27.5 (1.8) | ||||
Nidup et al., 2020a [93] | Clinical I to II | G1: Rsta-byugs application (Pharmacological) | 1 week (1 week) | n = 31 62.8 (7.2); 62.6 (8.4) | Flexion- Goniometer KOOS- Pain, Symptoms, ADL, QOL, Sports recreation |
G2: Diclofenac gel application (Pharmacological) | n = 31 25.1 (3.9); 25.7 (4.2) | ||||
Oktayoglu et al., 2014 [94] | ACR II to IV | G1: Phonophoresis (diclofenac sodium) (Mixed) | 10 sessions (15 day) | n = 20 54.6 (8.7); 29.7 (4.2) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Walking, rest, flexion WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Conventional Ultrasound (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 55.1 (10.1); 30.2 (3.3) | ||||
Parfitt & Parfitt, 2006 [95] | Clinical NR | G1: Intraarticular corticosteroid injection+ home exercise (Mixed) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 8 76.13 (7.74); NR | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, after walking, at night, worst pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Intraarticular corticosteroid injection (Pharmacological) | n = 5 67.2 (6.01); NR | ||||
Parmigiani et al., 2010a [96] | ACR II to III | G1: Joint lavage followed by intra-articular injection with triamcinolone hexacetonide (Pharmacological) | 1 session (1 session) | n = 30 66.2 (9.07); 31.1 (5.1) | Flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Pain |
G2: Intra-articular injection with triamcinolone hexacetonide (Pharmacological) | n = 30 61.2 (7.3); 32.4 (6) | ||||
Petrella & Petrella, 2006 [97] | Radiographic I to III | G1: Hyaluronic acid intra articular injection (Pharmacological) | 3 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 51 63.9 (9.3); NR | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain-walking, stepping WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness SF36- Physical function, Role physical, Body pain, General health, Vitality, Social function, Role emotional, Mental health |
G2: Placebo/ saline injection (Pharmacological) | n = 54 62.4 (10.3); NR | ||||
Pinkaew et al., 2019 [98] | ACR NR | G1: Ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 10 days (10 days) | n = 20 64.3 (9.7); 22.6 (8.6) | Flexion- Plastic goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain WOMAC- Severity of pain SF36- Total |
G2: Phonophoresis of phyllanthus amarus (Mixed) | n = 20 65.2 (8.3); 23.6 (5.2) | ||||
Prasad et al., 2023 [99] | ACR II | G1: NXT15906F supplement (herbal formulation pre- pared using T. indica seeds and C. longa rhizome extracts) (Pharmacological) | 30 days (30 days) | n = 50 53.1 (9.1); 25.2 (1.4) | Flexion- Instrument- NR WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Blend of C. longa and Boswellia serrata extracts supplement (Pharmacological) | n = 50 51.0 (8.1); 25.3 (1.5) | ||||
G3: Placebo (No treatment) | n = 50 53.4 (9.3); 25.6 (1.3) | ||||
Rahlf et al., 2019 [100] | Clinical and radiographic NR | G1: Kinesiotape (Non-pharmacological) | 3 days (3 days) | n = 47 64.7 (7.3); NR | Flexion- Double armed goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Sham tape (Non-pharmacological) | n = 47 65.3 (6); NR | ||||
G3: Control group/No treatment (No treatment) | n = 47 65.4 (7.6); NR | ||||
Saleem et al., 2022a [101] | Radiographic II to IIII | G1: Pilate exercises (Non-pharmacological) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 22 57.6 (6.3); 25.8 (4.2) | Flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- total Pain (NPRS)- Pain |
G2: Isometric exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 22 55.7 (7.3); 26.9 (4.3) | ||||
Samaan et al., 2022 [102] | ACR II to IIII | G1: High-intensity laser therapy plus exercise therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 20 55.4 (6.3); 29.0 (2.2) | Flexion- Electrogoniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Total |
G2: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound plus exercise therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 55.2 (4.8); 29.1 (2.4) | ||||
G3: Control group/ exercise therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 20 57.0 (6.4); 29.8 (2.1) | ||||
Sari et al., 2019 [103] | ACR II to III | G1: Intermittent pneumatic compression, ultrasound therapy, TENS, Exercise (Non-pharmacological) | 4 weeks (4 weeks) | n = 45 50.8 (9.5); 28.9 (5.8) | Flexion- Universal goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Cold pack, ultrasound therapy, TENS, Exercise (Non-pharmacological) | n = 36 52.3 (7); 28.7 (5.7) | ||||
Shin et al., 2017 [104] | Clinical and radiographic NR | G1: Theracumin intake (Pharmacological) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 13 44.8 (5.4); NR | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)-Pain WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: Theracumin intake combined with exercise (Mixed) | n = 12 40.6 (7.7); NR | ||||
Song et al., 2020a [105] | Medical I to IIII | G1: PNF (Non-pharmacological) | 12 weeks (12 weeks) | n = 13 68.5 (4.3); NR | Flexion- Goniometer WOMAC- Pain |
G2: Control- No treatment (No treatment) | n = 16 67.4 (3.4); NR | ||||
Sterzi et al., 2016 [106] | ACR II to III | G1: Dietary supplement plus exercise (Mixed) | 8 weeks (8 weeks) | n = 23 71.3 (8.8); 34.8 (6.4) | Flexion- Instrument- NR Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, motion WOMAC- Total |
G2: Placebo tablet plus exercise (Mixed) | n = 27 71 (8); 34.3 (7.5) | ||||
Suen et al., 2016a [107] | ACR NR | G1: Placebo laser auriculotherapy and magneto auricular therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 11 73 (6.31); NR | Flexion- Standard goniometer Pain (NPRS)- Maximum pain in last 3 days |
G2: Laser auriculotherapy and Placebo magneto auricular therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 10 72.8 (6.68); NR | ||||
G3: Laser auriculotherapy plus magneto auricular therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 13 71.62 (7.75); NR | ||||
G4: Placebo therapy: Laser switched off mode (Non-pharmacological | n = 9 73.86 (8.53) NR | ||||
Tammachote et al., 2016 [108] | ACR I to IV | G1: Hyaluronic acid injection (Pharmacological) | 1 session (2 weeks) | n = 50 62.6 (NR); 26.3 (NR) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain |
G2: Triaminolone acetonide injection (Pharmacological) | n = 49 61 (NR); 25.8 (NR) | ||||
Tascιoglu & Öner, 2003 [109] | ACR II to III | G1: Sodium hyaluronate intraarticular injection (Pharmacological) | 3 weeks (3 weeks) | n = 30 57.4 (6.5); 32.7 (4.1) | Flexion- Instrument- NR Pain (VAS)- Pain at rest, weight bearing, walking |
G2: 6-methyl predinsolone acetate intraarticular injection (Pharmacological) | n = 30 60.1 (8.7); 33.3 (4.5) | ||||
Tascioglu et al., 2010 [110] | ACR II to III | G1: Continuous Ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 27 59.7 (2.6); 30 (4) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Knee pain severity WOMAC- total |
G2: Pulsed Ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 28 61.6 (3.7); 30.8 (3.8) | ||||
G3: Placebo Ultrasound therapy (Non-pharmacological) | n = 27 60 (2.8); 28.7 (4) | ||||
Terzi & Altin, 2017 [111] | Radiographic II | G1: Quadriceps strengthening, ultrasound, TENS, hot pack plus short-wave diathermy (Non-pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 39 59.5 (8.6); 29.5 (5.4) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain intensity |
G2: Quadriceps strengthening+SWD+TENS+hot pack (Non-pharmacological) | n = 38 58.6 (7); 29.4 (5.4) | ||||
G3: Control group: Quadriceps strengthening only (Non-pharmacological) | n = 30 58.1 (7.7); 28.3 (6.0) | ||||
Torri et al., 1994 [112] | WHO NR | G1: Aceclofenac tablets (Pharmacological) | 3 months (3 months) | n = 103 57.8 (10.1); NR | Pain- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain |
G2: Piroxican tablets (Pharmacological) | n = 102, 56.7 (10.7); NR | ||||
Wang et al., 2011a [113] | Clinical and radiographic NR | G1: Aquatic exercise therapy (Non-pharmacological) | 12 weeks (12 weeks) | n = 26, 66.7 (5.6); 26.6 (2.5) | Flexion- Standard goniometer KOOS- Pain, Symptoms, ADL, QOL Sports recreation |
G2: Land based exercises (Non-pharmacological) | n = 26, 68.3 (6.4); 25.4 (2.4) | ||||
G3: Control group- No treatment (No treatment) | n = 26, 67.9 (5.9); 26.6 (2.1) | ||||
Wang et al., 2018 [114] | ACR II to IV | G1: Intraarticular hyaluronic acid and corticosteroid injection (Pharmacological) | 1 session (1 session) | n = 60, 63.6 (6.2); 25.3 (3.2) | Flexion- Goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain in the knee WOMAC- total |
G2: Intraarticular hyaluronic injection (Pharmacological) | n = 60, 62.5 (6.6); 26 (4.2) | ||||
Yurtkuran et al., 2006), 2006 [115] | ACR II to III | G1: balenotherapy, pool full of spa water (Non-pharmacological) | 2 weeks (2 weeks) | n = 29, 52.9 (6.8); 30.8 (6.7) | Flexion- Universal goniometer Pain (VAS)- Pain on movement WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness, Total |
G2: balenotherapy,tap water heated (Non-pharmacological) | n = 27 55.5 (6.2); 33.8 (3.9) | ||||
Zaidi et al., 2009 [116] | Clinical II to III | G1: leeching therapy + traditional unani herbal treatment (Pharmacological) | 6 weeks (6 weeks) | n = 20, 59.9 (2.8);27.5 (31) | Flexion-Goniometer WOMAC- Pain, Function, Stiffness |
G2: Control group: traditional unani herbal treatment (Pharmacological) | n = 20, 57.9 (7.5); 27.5 (33) |