Table 4 Effect directions for exposures/interventions/policies on ‘More equity in access to resources to participate in economy’

[78]

(i) Outreach interventions for young people in secondary education such as counselling and tutoring to increase intentions and readiness for transition to higher education

▲

Intervention effective in terms of access as long as more than just information. Less evidence on graduation outcomes

Critically low

Not reported

71/71

Majority of studies (n = 59) in North America, (n = 6) in Europe, and (n = 5) ‘other’ (countries not specified)

Disadvantaged students

(ii) Financial aid interventions, i.e. grants, loans, and tax incentives which could be universal or based on need/merit/performance

▲

Impact depends on financial amount and early commitment of aid. Merit-based aid not effective

(iii) Combined interventions, i.e. a combination of outreach and financial aid interventions

▲

[75]

Social networks (i.e. structure of a set of actors whose members are connected), social capital (i.e. the resources linked to having a network) and social support (i.e. interactions or relationships which provide attachment/care/love)

▲

Unable to code this ED for specific exposures separately

Critically low

Not reported

Some of 136 but unclear how many

Majority of studies in HIC countries (68% in USA)

Underrepresented students

[72]

‘Enablers’ for HE including the following: Individual abilities, skills and motivations; family & peer support, community and socioeconomic background; social networks, academic integration, extra-curricular activities; educational settings including role of institutions, financial aids, school type

-

Unable to code ED as denominator of PS unclear

Critically low

Not reported

Unclear (191 total PS)

Context unclear although location of authors noted as 49.5% North America, 17.4% Europe, 12.6% South America.

Young people in secondary school

[76]

(i) Training, i.e. classroom and on-the-job general education or vocational skills

◄►

Mixed findings for low-skilled workers, negative effect on programme access for migrants

Critically low

Not reported

47/47

Germany, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Norway, Poland, the USA, New Zealand, Australia, Austria

Low-skilled workers and migrant workers

(ii) Job creation programmes, i.e. the creation of public jobs as part of ‘public works’, e.g. in construction works

◄►

Mixed findings for low-skilled workers, negative effect on programme access for migrants

(iii) Wage subsidies, i.e. financial incentives given to private employers for hiring those are disadvantaged in the labour market

▼

Negative effects on programme access for both low-skilled and migrants

[77]

Entrepreneurial programmes, i.e. programmes (including microfinance) intended to support individuals to start their own business

▲

Evidence of effect on increasing knowledge and skills, but RA concludes limited research. Less evaluations of economic outcomes/impact

Critically low

Not reported

1/6

Focused on disadvantaged black male youth in the USA