Table 3 Key microbiological findings and the presence of risk factors for SA development described in each study

Peres [23]

Negative 11 (52.4%)

Idiopathic 10 (47.6%)

Chronic renal failure (CRF) 3 (14.3%)

S. aureus 6 (28.7%)

Repetition arthrocentesis 5 (23.8%)

S. epidermidis 2 (9.5%)

Pyoderma 2 (9.5%)

S. agalactiae 1 (4.7%)

Klebsiella species 1 (4.7%)

Balabaud [24]

Negative 3 (7.5%)

Idiopathic 29 (72.5%)

Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) 12 (30.0%)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) 4 (10.0%)

Alcohol abuse 5 (12.5%)

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 4 (10.0%)

CRF 1 (2.5%)

Psoriasis 1 (12.5%)

S. epidermidis 7 (17.5%)

Other staphylococci 7 (17.5%)

Gram-negative pathogens 4 (10.0%)

Böhler [25]

–

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 4 (9.8%)

DM 7 (17.1%)

RA 0

DM 10 (34.5%)

Johns [26]

Negative 23 (19.3%)

Negative 4 (9.5%)

MSSA 16 (38.1%)

MRSA 1 (2.4%)

Streptococci 11 (26.2%)

Gram negative 5 (11.9%)

None 45 (37.8%)

DM 15 (12.6%)

Liver disease 14 (11.8%)

Intravenous drug use (IVDU) 11 (9.2%)

CRF 14 (11.8%)

RA 8 (6.7%)

None 10 (23.8%)

DM 8 (19.0%)

Liver disease 8 (19.0%)

IVDU 6 (14.3%)

CRF 3 (7.1%)

RA (1 (2.4%)

MSSA 41 (34.5%)

MRSA 4 (3.4%)

Streptococci 18 (15.1%)

Gram negative 8 (6.7%)

Kalem [27]

MSSA 1 (7.7%)

MSSA 1 (9.1%)

DM 4 (30.8%)

DM 5 (45.5%)

MRSA 2 (18.2%)

IVDU 3 (23.1%)

Liver disease 0

RA 1 (7.7%)

IVDU 0

Liver disease 2 (18.2%)

RA 1 (9.1%)

Sabater-Martos [28]

Negative 4 (33.3%)

Negative 8 (53.3%)

American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I 2 (16.7%)

ASA I 0

ASA II 9 (60.0%)

S. aureus 4 (33.3%)

S. aureus 4 (2.7%)

ASA III 6 (40.0%)

ASA II 4 (33.3%)

ASA III 6 (50.0%)

S. epidermidis 1 (8.3%)

S. epidermidis 1 (6.7%)

Streptococcus 2 (16.7%)

Streptococcus 2 (13.3%)

Wirtz [29]

Negative 13 (25.5%)

–

Positive 38 (74.5%) (most often SA)